Architecture of Computing Systems (Lecture Notes in Computer ...

Recommendations

Info

18 G. Aşılıoğlu, E.M. Kaya, and O. Ergin holds the previous mapping of the corresponding architectural register in its reorder buffer entry. 4. Checkpointing: The circuitry of the rename table is modified to include some shadow copies of the rename table. Whenever a branch instruction passes the rename stage, a copy of the rename table is created. If the branch is mispredicted, the corresponding checkpoint is copied to the speculative rename table. This scheme enables the recovery of the rename table state in a single cycle. However the circuit level complexity limits the number of checkpoints that can be implemented given a clock frequency. Also, the limited number of checkpoints limits the number of branch instructions that can be inside the reorder buffer of the processor since a branch cannot proceed if a free checkpoint is not available when it arrives at the rename stage. It is previously shown that walking backwards on the reorder buffer outperforms the other schemes (except for the checkpointing scheme which has its own circuit level difficulties) in terms of instructions per cycle for spec 2000 benchmarks [2]. 4 Proposed Rename Table Structure During a processor design process, it is desirable to keep the number of cycles required to recover the rename table at minimum with minimum circuit level complexity. In other words, a processor designer would want the performance of checkpointing with a very simple circuit. For this purpose, we propose a new rename table structure that is capable of storing the history of physical register assignments for each architectural register. Fig. 2 shows the proposed rename table structure. A separate circular FIFO queue is used for each architectural register to store the physical register assignments. Whenever a new instruction that targets an architectural register as destination arrives at the rename stage and allocates an available free physical register, the tag of the allocated register is inserted into the corresponding FIFO queue by using the corresponding tail pointer. The tail pointer always shows the most recent instance of the corresponding architectural register. Subsequent dependent instructions always read their source locations from the registers pointed by the tail pointers. Fig. 2. Proposed Rename Table Structure
Complexity-Effective Rename Table Design for Rapid Speculation Recovery 19 Fig. 3. Amount of register usage in the Spec2000 benchmark suite, light area represents maximum usage, dark area represents average usage Conditions for vacating entries inside the FIFO queues vary according to the implementation of register renaming inside the processor. In P6 architecture the reorder buffer entries also serve as physical registers and a separate architectural register file exists to hold the architectural state. Therefore the head pointer is updated when an instruction that targets the corresponding architectural register commits. On the other hand, in architectures, which use a unified register file that holds both the physical and architectural state, such as the Intel’s Pentium 4 [3], Alpha 21264 [5] and MIPS R10000 [7], a physical register is released only when an instruction that renames the same architectural register commits. In the proposed rename structure, the head pointer of the corresponding architectural register is updated (incremented by one unless the pointer is at the end of the buffer) whenever a physical register that holds an instance of the architectural register is released. Since each architectural register has its own circular FIFO buffer in the proposed structure, the number of entries in each FIFO queue may vary. The number of entries for each architectural register can be determined by observing the common behavior of programs and compilers. If an instruction targets an architectural register and the corresponding FIFO queue does not contain any available entries, the pipeline stalls and the frontend waits until an entry is available for the instruction. In order to minimize the performance degradation due to the proposed rename structure, the FIFO queues have to be sized appropriately, so that the pipeline does not get stalled frequently. Fig. 3 shows the average and maximum number of renamed instances of each general purpose architectural register in the simulated x86 architecture. As the results reveal, some of the registers are employed more than the others. For example, register rax has the most concurrent instances on average. This result shows that a larger FIFO queue has to be used for rax. The number of entries in each FIFO queue can be at most equal to (the number of physical registers – the number of architectural registers). This is because of the fact that each architectural register has to have a physical location and the same physical register cannot be assigned to two different architectural registers at the same time.
Page 2 and 3: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5
Page 4 and 5: Volume Editors Christian Müller-Sc
Page 6 and 7: General Chair Organization Christia
Page 8 and 9: Organization IX Hartmut Schmeck Kar
Page 10 and 11: Keynote Table of Contents HyVM - Hy
Page 12 and 13: Table of Contents XIII JetBench:AnO
Page 14 and 15: How to Enhance a Superscalar Proces
Page 16 and 17: 4 J. Mische et al. The Real-time Vi
Page 18 and 19: 6 J. Mische et al. 4.1 Instruction
Page 20 and 21: 8 J. Mische et al. Additionally the
Page 22 and 23: 10 J. Mische et al. % of unused pip
Page 24 and 25: 12 J. Mische et al. % of cycles spe
Page 26 and 27: 14 J. Mische et al. 16. Lickly, B.,
Page 28 and 29: 16 G. Aşılıoğlu, E.M. Kaya, and
Page 38 and 39: 26 T.B. Preußer, P. Reichel, and R
Page 50 and 51: 38 P. Bellasi, W. Fornaciari, and D
Page 62 and 63: 50 J. Zeppenfeld and A. Herkersdorf
Page 74 and 75: 62 B. Jakimovski, B. Meyer, and E.
Page 80 and 81:
68 B. Jakimovski, B. Meyer, and E.
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
74 M. Bonn and H. Schmeck Fig. 1. J
Page 88 and 89:
76 M. Bonn and H. Schmeck 2.2 Node
Page 90 and 91:
78 M. Bonn and H. Schmeck Uptime-ba
Page 92 and 93:
80 M. Bonn and H. Schmeck 2.4 Simul
Page 94 and 95:
82 M. Bonn and H. Schmeck done rate
Page 96 and 97:
84 M. Bonn and H. Schmeck Fig. 8. J
Page 98 and 99:
86 M. Bonn and H. Schmeck tells the
Page 100 and 101:
88 J.-P. Steghöfer et al. � �
Page 102 and 103:
90 J.-P. Steghöfer et al. mechanis
Page 104 and 105:
92 J.-P. Steghöfer et al. resource
Page 106 and 107:
94 J.-P. Steghöfer et al. Choose a
Page 108 and 109:
96 J.-P. Steghöfer et al. 1. Defin
Page 110 and 111:
98 J.-P. Steghöfer et al. and all
Page 112 and 113:
100 J.-P. Steghöfer et al. 19. Kim
Page 114 and 115:
102 K. Kloch et al. large-scale sys
Page 116 and 117:
104 K. Kloch et al. a�t� 1.0 0.
Page 118 and 119:
106 K. Kloch et al. constant. This
Page 120 and 121:
108 K. Kloch et al. Relative number
Page 122 and 123:
110 K. Kloch et al. (a) infection r
Page 124 and 125:
112 K. Kloch et al. (ii) Phase of a
Page 126 and 127:
114 P. Petoumenos et al. Studying t
Page 128 and 129:
116 P. Petoumenos et al. % of Misse
Page 130 and 131:
118 P. Petoumenos et al. IQ: n 4-in
Page 132 and 133:
120 P. Petoumenos et al. downsizing
Page 134 and 135:
122 P. Petoumenos et al. As long as
Page 136 and 137:
124 P. Petoumenos et al. comparable
Page 138 and 139:
Exploiting Inactive Rename Slots fo
Page 140 and 141:
128 M. Kayaalp et al. In a supersca
Page 142 and 143:
130 M. Kayaalp et al. INSTRUCTION 1
Page 144 and 145:
132 M. Kayaalp et al. time. Alterna
Page 146 and 147:
134 M. Kayaalp et al. Fig. 3. Numbe
Page 148 and 149:
136 M. Kayaalp et al. The results o
Page 150 and 151:
Efficient Transaction Nesting in Ha
Page 152 and 153:
140 Y. Liu et al. HTMs include TCC
Page 154 and 155:
142 Y. Liu et al. rollback T0 begin
Page 156 and 157:
144 Y. Liu et al. Processor core Pr
Page 158 and 159:
146 Y. Liu et al. 5.2 Results and A
Page 160 and 161:
148 Y. Liu et al. decreases, partia
Page 162 and 163:
Decentralized Energy-Management to
Page 164 and 165:
152 B. Becker et al. Furthermore, t
Page 166 and 167:
154 B. Becker et al. An optimizing
Page 168 and 169:
156 B. Becker et al. smart-home man
Page 170 and 171:
158 B. Becker et al. freedom like w
Page 172 and 173:
160 B. Becker et al. Power [W] 4500
Page 174 and 175:
EnergySaving Cluster Roll: Power Sa
Page 176 and 177:
164 M.F. Dolz et al. Themodulequeri
Page 178 and 179:
166 M.F. Dolz et al. This daemon al
Page 180 and 181:
168 M.F. Dolz et al. been submitted
Page 182 and 183:
170 M.F. Dolz et al. On the other h
Page 184 and 185:
172 M.F. Dolz et al. at the inactiv
Page 186 and 187:
Effect of the Degree of Neighborhoo
Page 188 and 189:
176 T. Abdullah et al. A zone based
Page 190 and 191:
178 T. Abdullah et al. A consumer/p
Page 192 and 193:
180 T. Abdullah et al. Messages 140
Page 194 and 195:
182 T. Abdullah et al. (except when
Page 196 and 197:
184 T. Abdullah et al. % Matchmakin
Page 198 and 199:
186 T. Abdullah et al. show that th
Page 200 and 201:
188 M. Schindewolf, D. Kramer, and
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
200 R. Plyaskin and A. Herkersdorf
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
212 M.Y. Qadri, D. Matichard, and K
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
A Tightly Coupled Accelerator Infra
Page 236 and 237:
224 F. Nowak and R. Buchty where A
Page 238 and 239:
226 F. Nowak and R. Buchty Fig. 3.
Page 240 and 241:
228 F. Nowak and R. Buchty Table 2.
Page 242 and 243:
230 F. Nowak and R. Buchty Table 4.
Page 244 and 245:
232 F. Nowak and R. Buchty 5.3 Comp
Page 246 and 247:
Optimizing Stencil Application on M
Page 248 and 249:
236 F. Xudong et al. compared to th
Page 250 and 251:
238 F. Xudong et al. stencil comput
Page 252 and 253:
240 F. Xudong et al. threads in the
Page 254 and 255:
242 F. Xudong et al. Speedup 14 12
Page 256 and 257:
244 F. Xudong et al. 5 Related Work
Page 258:
Abdullah, Tariq 174 Alima, Luc Onan
show all

Architecture of Computing Systems (Lecture Notes in Computer ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?