THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG

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term automatic processing to give recognition to such routines that occur without intention and that do not give rise to conscious awareness. This arises out of distinct signals that stem from the social context which may be needed to raise the consciousness and awareness of individuals and to get them to question their experiences in processing information in situations across board. This cognitive capacity is strongly linked to intuitive capacity of the individuals to tabulate knowledge and information which they receive from both physical objects surrounding them as well as received wisdom. March and Olsen mentioned that institutions can be construed as persons that exist in different environments. They are like all other social phenomena, at the individual level, which emanates from mental constructs. 462 In this we mean that changes of such instructional constructs imply learning rehearsing and remembering. It also involves rethinking and evaluating of knowledge about an existing institution. Therefore, as individuals absorb a bowl of value-infused knowledge and beliefs, chances are that, there may be cases of ambiguity about how such beliefs come about and how such beliefs follow and in which sequence. It must also be pointed out that in a certain situation individuals also recognize that there are often cases of miss-representation of facts and issues about received wisdom on values relating to perceived knowledge. This leads to dilemmas of how to interpret both historical and current situations. 463 These dilemmas lead to knowledge ambiguity of all kinds and is frequently communicated to others. Further more, if individuals lack experience regarding the shared beliefs in a given collective environment, then they may as well act against established beliefs of others. This situation also obtains from the variation among individuals' experiences which may also lead to different interpretations of a situation. 464 Therefore, taking it from our earlier appreciation of the role of knowledge and rules in shaping society, we should point out that institutions influence how information is retrieved, organized, and selected. To say this, is not to suggest that institutions themselves think and act; but they in a way guide and determine the ways through which individuals think and act. In a way institution exert influence on individuals. However, Douglas North thinks otherwise. He insists that institutions are influenced by the knowledge they themselves have induced. 465 He seems to inform that institutions play a cyclical role in the process of knowledge generation. To take this to another level we need to understand the emergence, reproduction, and change of institutions, and the reciprocal relationship obtaining between institutions and the knowledge manifesting it’s self in the different societal environs. 462 March, J. G. 1994. A Primer on Decision Making: How Decisions Happen. New York: The Free Press. 463 Johnson-Laird, P.N. 2004. Mental Modelling and Reasoning. In the Nature of Reasoning, edited by J.P Leighton and J.R.Sternberg, 269-270. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 464 Zucker, L.G. 1991. The Role of Institutionalization in Cultural Persistence. In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by W.W. Powell, and P.J. DiMaggio, 83-107. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press. 465 North, D. C . 1990. Opcit. 96
In summary, in this chapter we have endeavoured to appreciate the role of local politics and local decentralisation in understanding current status of national biodiversity. This chapter has also reviewed various aspects of bioethics and the possibility of adopting a cognitive dimension as an avenue to understanding the biodiversity resource regime in Kenya. These postulations add to the current debates in the realm of natural resource usage, particularly biodiversity and of the changes sweeping the sector. This however puts significant attention on the role of institutionalism and human cognition in achieving this feat. To this end it is imperative to suggest that there is a need for mitigation between resource users, institutionalists, ethicits, bioethicists, economists and political decision-makers. This might be useful especially when defining new policy agendas in the improvement of this resource regime. It is apparent that contemporary literature and evolving debate among scholars and practitioners working in the realm of bioethics, biodiversity and natural resource governance. 97
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INSTITUTIONAL DILEMMAS IN TROPICAL
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Dedication This work is dedicated i
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7.4 COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY ACTION AND
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UNDP United Nations Development Pro
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1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Ken
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are mediated into the national poli
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Giddens notes that linking agency a
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foreign exchange controls made the
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and to preserve the different fores
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Map 2: Landsat ETM+ (7) satellite i
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egimes. 46 Yet national regimes gov
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Institutions and Institutionalism:
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learn that in practice, the definit
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The above revelations show the disc
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technologies. This kind of thinking
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The social movement’s notion arti
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1.8 Methodology The choice of resea
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Sources of data Data for this study
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knowledge, opinions, notions in rel
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2 Theoretical Considerations 2.1 In
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opposed to particularistic in the i
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constraints have to be applicable t
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process is a product of both extern
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position also influences actors’
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to a specific choice problem, which
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communications and authority relati
Page 53 and 54: the subsequent lack of general or s
Page 55 and 56: generally. Historical institutional
Page 57 and 58: can have remarkable consequences at
Page 59 and 60: myths and ceremonies devised by man
Page 61 and 62: In light of the above postulation,
Page 63 and 64: among inter ethnic relations. 273 D
Page 65 and 66: also important for maintaining the
Page 67 and 68: what sort of environment is left fo
Page 69 and 70: Rittberger called it “institution
Page 71 and 72: of governance. 314 For instance, fo
Page 73 and 74: and his claims. Hence it is the fun
Page 75 and 76: trees, food resources, warmth or ab
Page 77 and 78: environmental externality function
Page 79 and 80: Wear observes that the enhancement
Page 81 and 82: 4 Biodiversity, local decentralisat
Page 83 and 84: officials found to have dished out
Page 85 and 86: national level. At the local level
Page 87 and 88: declared a ban on felling indigenou
Page 89 and 90: 4.2 Institutionalism, local decentr
Page 91 and 92: iodiversity change been altered, bu
Page 93 and 94: We shall use the term participation
Page 95 and 96: known as community forest user grou
Page 97 and 98: 1960s and early 1970s in Europe and
Page 99 and 100: upholding of the social values and
Page 101 and 102: The social-cognitive dimension can
Page 103: as goods and certain services, and
Page 107 and 108: This is compouded by glowing struct
Page 109 and 110: the Constitution. The Constitutiona
Page 111 and 112: far as ownership is concerned. As a
Page 113 and 114: maximum spring discharge level. 501
Page 115 and 116: During pre-colonial times, issues o
Page 117 and 118: whose boundaries could not be alter
Page 119 and 120: Although Kenya’s policy and legal
Page 121 and 122: egeneration thereof or biodiversity
Page 123 and 124: marine and fresh water resources an
Page 125 and 126: In addition, the director of Agricu
Page 127 and 128: Gottfried suggested that natural re
Page 129 and 130: Based on the review and analysis of
Page 131 and 132: Furthermore, issues of monitoring a
Page 133 and 134: players, especially given the role
Page 135 and 136: household was 6. Adults are here de
Page 137 and 138: eadily available for the researcher
Page 139 and 140: It is imperative to appreciate that
Page 141 and 142: tragedy for the entire household, c
Page 143 and 144: Table 6.6 Why persons are named aft
Page 145 and 146: the extreme lowland side, the area
Page 147 and 148: on the forest biodiversity is neith
Page 149 and 150: settling around the Mount Elgon are
Page 151 and 152: concluding the ceremonies with the
Page 153 and 154: Gender, cropping systems and labour
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ural livelihoods, it became the foc
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espondent said that they planted su
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Like we have earlier noted, most of
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When asked how such people (Custodi
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7 Historical and Sociological Insti
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Biodiversity and customary law in K
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education and a majority of social
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Put in the context of Kakamega, it
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with one of the Tirirki elders, the
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places, there was an array of reaso
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Further still, it was discovered th
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7.4 Collective community action and
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development of various community re
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Other scholars in the area of prope
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for instance, where common property
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8 Summary and Conclusions 8.1 Recap
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Conclusions The overall objective o
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already exits within the Luhya reso
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sense, the community conserved area
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management such as Kakamega, these
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We have already indicated that like
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prohibiting the use of natural reso
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economic and cultural values with a
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The wider and long-term implication
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will make it much more difficult to
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8.5 Summary The findings that have
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initial conditions, path dependence
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References BOOKS Adrian, P. 2003. T
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Downs, R. E. and S. P. Reyna. 1988.
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Kanyinga, K. 1994. Ethnicity, Patro
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Neisser, U. 1967. Cognitive Psychol
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Strathern, M. 2000. Environments wi
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Reardon, T and Vosti, S. A. 1995. L
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Krhoda, G. 1998. What Ails Kenya's
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Strathern, M. 1996. Potential Prope
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Colchester, M. 2003. Conservation P
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Murombedzi, J. 1998. The Evolving C
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Newspapers The Daily Nation Karura
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List of Figures and Maps Map 1 Map
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Response Codes Snakes Monkeys Frogs
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Section 3. Usage and management for
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Code How often are such ceremonies
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Section 5. Management of local know
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Code Who is responsible for growing
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Appendix B. Schedule of organizatio
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The interviews focused on the confl
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Appendix D. Bibliographic schedule
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Versicherung Ich versichere, dass i
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THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG

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