THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ureaucracies tends to increase transaction costs and the rigid, centralised attempts to manage forest ecosystems often lead to their collapse. 708 Worse still, like in many tropical resourced countries of Africa, the decentralised system of resource management in Kenya has been held hostage by the dominant forces of elite capture. The political and economic conditions in Kenya are not supportive of local conservation and sustainable development initiatives, making progressive reserve management all the more challenging at the regional and local level. The issues pointed out at the national level are an indication of the fundamental and difficult challenges that exist at the sub-national/regional level. Like we have earlier pointed out, there are several institutional weaknesses at the regional level which are hindering local participation and effective reserve management in Kakamega. All institutions and agencies involved in the planning and management of Kakamega forest reserve located at the city centre, in Nairobi. The relationships between the institutions and enforcement agencies involved in the management of this reserve, and the relations between institutions working on environment-development related issues, are weak. The key respondents in charge of these institutions at the regional level intimated about the general lack of communication, information sharing, co-ordination, and collaboration between institutions. This has not only added to the already existing institution inefficiencies in planning for the Kakemega forest management, but has also led to conflicts between institutional agencies. In addition, it was evident that there exists an imbalance in power between certain institutions, particularly between state and non-state at the regional level and those at the national and local levels, further affecting relationships and decision-making. Perhaps the greatest hindrance to local participation and sustainable reserve management from the regional level has come from what Rosendo and Brown call ‘problems of fit’, both within and between institutions. 709 It is often assumed that institutions and actors are involved in strategic alliances and coalitions have mutual interests and goals. However, in real practice they may only be a limited mutual means of achieving quite different objectives. These same variations and difference have been particularly noticeable in the goals, that is to say: national conservation and aid/developmentoriented priorities on one hand and visions- that is short-term versus long-term thinking and planning between institutions on the other. 710 Perhaps the most controversial “problems of fit” that exist between actors has been the opinionated differences regarding formal resource entitlements such as property rights being given to the communities within the Kakamega Forest Reserve, and the degree to which the local communities should be allowed to take part in the decision-making regarding the management of reserve. These institutional weaknesses Manchester University Press. 707 Hitchcock, R.K. 2005. Centralisation, Resource Depletion and Coercive Conservation among the Tyua of Northern Karahari. Human Ecology 23(2):169-198. 708 Holling, C. S. 1995. What barriers? What bridges? . In Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions. Edited by C. S, Holling, 14-16. New York: Columbia University Press. 709 Brown, K. and S. Rosendo. 1998. The Institutional Architecture of Extractive Reserves in Rondonia, Brazil. Norwich, U.K: CSERGE. 710 Ascher, W. 1995. Communities and Sustainable Forestry in Developing Countries. San Francisco, CA: ICS Press. 194
will make it much more difficult to reach consensus between actors in the management of the forest reserve. At the local level, we note that; the dismal progress in the development institutionalisation of natural resource conservation policies in the tropical region, especially among the resource rich countries, has led to variegated opinions between academics and actors in the field of tropical resource management. The changed dimensions of thinking have led to an institutional shift. This move represents a new focus away from state-centred policies which are limited in their effectiveness to mobilise information, efficiently institutional enforcement and support or sanction resource use behaviour. 711 The current shift is geared to finding solutions at the localised level in the management of natural resources especially in the realm of forest resources. 712 These shifts have been highlighted by the various multilateral organisations in the realm of environment and development such as the IUCN. The shifts also indicate the category classifications that that is meant to clarify and enhance community participation in institutions regarding environmental decision-making and natural resource management. Although we realise that all protected areas must be specifically dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and natural resources, the new shifts as postulated by IUCN guidelines, recognise a gradual change of human intervention. 713 Within the new guidelines there are several asserted conditions believed necessary for successful natural resource management by local people. Most of these requirements recapitulate the centrality of the notion that local communities have the ability to create institutions to regulate the use of their natural resources. Local institutional arrangements have been shown to be more effective in providing, inter alia, rules related to access, harvesting, and management, allowing faster, cheaper and more effective response to conflict, monitoring and sanctioning methods. 714 Thus, the detailed guidance on respective categories, reflect the significance of different levels of human intervention in resource use and conservation. Accordingly, following category 1b of the IUCN guidelines, indicate that successful natural resource management under a protected area arrangement should be compatible with indigenous human communities living in low density and in balance with the available resources. 715 Similarly, category II of the same guidelines indicates that resource management should take into account the needs of the local people and these should be culturally compartible. 716 Category III calls for protection of specific natural or natural/cultural feature which is of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative or aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. The cardinal objective of this category is to protect 711 Peluso, N. 1993. Coercing Conservation? The Politics of State Resource Control. Global Environmental Change 3 (2):199-217. 712 IUCN. 1996. World Conservation Congress:Resolutions and Recommendations. Gland:IUCN 713 Ibid. 714 Bromley, D.W et al. 1992. Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice and Policy. San Francisco, CA: ICS Press. 715 IUCN. 1994. Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN 716 Ibid. 195
Page 1 and 2:
INSTITUTIONAL DILEMMAS IN TROPICAL
Page 3 and 4:
Dedication This work is dedicated i
Page 5 and 6:
7.4 COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY ACTION AND
Page 7 and 8:
UNDP United Nations Development Pro
Page 9 and 10:
1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Ken
Page 11 and 12:
are mediated into the national poli
Page 13 and 14:
Giddens notes that linking agency a
Page 15 and 16:
foreign exchange controls made the
Page 17 and 18:
and to preserve the different fores
Page 19 and 20:
Map 2: Landsat ETM+ (7) satellite i
Page 21 and 22:
egimes. 46 Yet national regimes gov
Page 23 and 24:
Institutions and Institutionalism:
Page 25 and 26:
learn that in practice, the definit
Page 27 and 28:
The above revelations show the disc
Page 29 and 30:
technologies. This kind of thinking
Page 31 and 32:
The social movement’s notion arti
Page 33 and 34:
1.8 Methodology The choice of resea
Page 35 and 36:
Sources of data Data for this study
Page 37 and 38:
knowledge, opinions, notions in rel
Page 39 and 40:
2 Theoretical Considerations 2.1 In
Page 41 and 42:
opposed to particularistic in the i
Page 43 and 44:
constraints have to be applicable t
Page 45 and 46:
process is a product of both extern
Page 47 and 48:
position also influences actors’
Page 49 and 50:
to a specific choice problem, which
Page 51 and 52:
communications and authority relati
Page 53 and 54:
the subsequent lack of general or s
Page 55 and 56:
generally. Historical institutional
Page 57 and 58:
can have remarkable consequences at
Page 59 and 60:
myths and ceremonies devised by man
Page 61 and 62:
In light of the above postulation,
Page 63 and 64:
among inter ethnic relations. 273 D
Page 65 and 66:
also important for maintaining the
Page 67 and 68:
what sort of environment is left fo
Page 69 and 70:
Rittberger called it “institution
Page 71 and 72:
of governance. 314 For instance, fo
Page 73 and 74:
and his claims. Hence it is the fun
Page 75 and 76:
trees, food resources, warmth or ab
Page 77 and 78:
environmental externality function
Page 79 and 80:
Wear observes that the enhancement
Page 81 and 82:
4 Biodiversity, local decentralisat
Page 83 and 84:
officials found to have dished out
Page 85 and 86:
national level. At the local level
Page 87 and 88:
declared a ban on felling indigenou
Page 89 and 90:
4.2 Institutionalism, local decentr
Page 91 and 92:
iodiversity change been altered, bu
Page 93 and 94:
We shall use the term participation
Page 95 and 96:
known as community forest user grou
Page 97 and 98:
1960s and early 1970s in Europe and
Page 99 and 100:
upholding of the social values and
Page 101 and 102:
The social-cognitive dimension can
Page 103 and 104:
as goods and certain services, and
Page 105 and 106:
In summary, in this chapter we have
Page 107 and 108:
This is compouded by glowing struct
Page 109 and 110:
the Constitution. The Constitutiona
Page 111 and 112:
far as ownership is concerned. As a
Page 113 and 114:
maximum spring discharge level. 501
Page 115 and 116:
During pre-colonial times, issues o
Page 117 and 118:
whose boundaries could not be alter
Page 119 and 120:
Although Kenya’s policy and legal
Page 121 and 122:
egeneration thereof or biodiversity
Page 123 and 124:
marine and fresh water resources an
Page 125 and 126:
In addition, the director of Agricu
Page 127 and 128:
Gottfried suggested that natural re
Page 129 and 130:
Based on the review and analysis of
Page 131 and 132:
Furthermore, issues of monitoring a
Page 133 and 134:
players, especially given the role
Page 135 and 136:
household was 6. Adults are here de
Page 137 and 138:
eadily available for the researcher
Page 139 and 140:
It is imperative to appreciate that
Page 141 and 142:
tragedy for the entire household, c
Page 143 and 144:
Table 6.6 Why persons are named aft
Page 145 and 146:
the extreme lowland side, the area
Page 147 and 148:
on the forest biodiversity is neith
Page 149 and 150:
settling around the Mount Elgon are
Page 151 and 152: concluding the ceremonies with the
Page 153 and 154: Gender, cropping systems and labour
Page 155 and 156: ural livelihoods, it became the foc
Page 157 and 158: espondent said that they planted su
Page 159 and 160: Like we have earlier noted, most of
Page 161 and 162: When asked how such people (Custodi
Page 163 and 164: 7 Historical and Sociological Insti
Page 165 and 166: Biodiversity and customary law in K
Page 167 and 168: education and a majority of social
Page 169 and 170: Put in the context of Kakamega, it
Page 171 and 172: with one of the Tirirki elders, the
Page 173 and 174: places, there was an array of reaso
Page 175 and 176: Further still, it was discovered th
Page 177 and 178: 7.4 Collective community action and
Page 179 and 180: development of various community re
Page 181 and 182: Other scholars in the area of prope
Page 183 and 184: for instance, where common property
Page 185 and 186: 8 Summary and Conclusions 8.1 Recap
Page 187 and 188: Conclusions The overall objective o
Page 189 and 190: already exits within the Luhya reso
Page 191 and 192: sense, the community conserved area
Page 193 and 194: management such as Kakamega, these
Page 195 and 196: We have already indicated that like
Page 197 and 198: prohibiting the use of natural reso
Page 199 and 200: economic and cultural values with a
Page 201: The wider and long-term implication
Page 205 and 206: 8.5 Summary The findings that have
Page 207 and 208: initial conditions, path dependence
Page 209 and 210: References BOOKS Adrian, P. 2003. T
Page 211 and 212: Downs, R. E. and S. P. Reyna. 1988.
Page 213 and 214: Kanyinga, K. 1994. Ethnicity, Patro
Page 215 and 216: Neisser, U. 1967. Cognitive Psychol
Page 217 and 218: Strathern, M. 2000. Environments wi
Page 219 and 220: Reardon, T and Vosti, S. A. 1995. L
Page 221 and 222: Krhoda, G. 1998. What Ails Kenya's
Page 223 and 224: Strathern, M. 1996. Potential Prope
Page 225 and 226: Colchester, M. 2003. Conservation P
Page 227 and 228: Murombedzi, J. 1998. The Evolving C
Page 229 and 230: Newspapers The Daily Nation Karura
Page 231 and 232: List of Figures and Maps Map 1 Map
Page 233 and 234: Response Codes Snakes Monkeys Frogs
Page 235 and 236: Section 3. Usage and management for
Page 237 and 238: Code How often are such ceremonies
Page 239 and 240: Section 5. Management of local know
Page 241 and 242: Code Who is responsible for growing
Page 243 and 244: Appendix B. Schedule of organizatio
Page 245 and 246: The interviews focused on the confl
Page 247 and 248: Appendix D. Bibliographic schedule
Page 249: Versicherung Ich versichere, dass i
show all

THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?