THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG

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estoration of biodiversity in Kenya. The last part of this chapter provides an insight into the governance aspect of biodiversity in Kenya. The fourth chapter details our understanding of biodiversity, local decentralisation and neo- patrimonial politics in Kenya. The chapter begins with a look at the history of neo-patrimonial politics and how it led to the degeneration of national biodiversity. The second part makes a detailed presentation on biodiversity and local decentralisation in Kakamega district, highlighting issues of bioethics and ends with a discussion on the role of cognitive institutionalism in appreciating biodiversity conservation. The fifth chapter looks at institutional mapping at the national and the sub-national levels. It begins by introducing the national resource management and institutional regimes in Kenya, institutional roles and responsibilities, evolution of current institutions from the preindependence times up to the immediate years after independence. The second part of this chapter makes an analysis of the current policies and legal frameworks. This in a large measure deals with the current policy approaches to biodiversity conservations. The third part addresses the processes of institutional design and mediation and the general institutional legislation. Similarly it investigates the role of international interest as well as showing why the policy framing process later undertook demand driven approaches. The sixth chapter makes a presention of results from the local mapping household survey exercise. The first part deals with the study sample, choice of clusters, and an analysis of the demographic details of the survey in Kakamega. In the second part we make a detailed look at biodiversity perceptions, human and environmental values, information on biodiversity, integration of biodiversity into land use systems and livelihood interests, gender and cultural practices linked to biodiversity conservation. The seventh chapter looks at historical and sociological perspectives in Kakamega. The researcher examines the role of the two institutionalisms in explaining specific cultural and customary law practices in understanding local ecological thinking and other formal institutions relating to biodiversity in Kakamega. Furthermore, we analyse perceptions towards biodiversity formal rules, rules governing access to resources in Kakamega, as well as community user groups and property rights. The last chapter makes a final evaluation of the study. In doing so, it re-examines and refocuses on critical issues regarding biodiversity and resource protection in Kakamega and Kenya at large. In this chapter, an effort is made to re-contextualise the two important themes that have been central to this study. These are: institutionalism and local participation in natural resource management in Kakamega, hence making an outlook on the future of institutions regarding forest biodiversity conservation in Kenya. In doing so, the study makes an insight into policy areas that will warrant improvement in the future. 30
2 Theoretical Considerations 2.1 Institutions and institutionalism Institutions and institutionalism are central to contemporary debates across the social sciences. So too are concepts such as actors, action and agency. In order to understand how local perceptions shape peoples’ thinking regarding their local environment, or more precisely local understanding of biodiversity, entails the use of institutional theory in unraveling this interplay. There is widespread agreement that understanding institutional interplay constitutes a key challenge for institutionalists and action theories of all types. This chapter is intended to guide our study through the key debates and contemporary interpretations regarding the relationship between institutions, resource actors, and the role of institutions and institutionalism in addressing the governance of resource users, especially in instances where resources are held in common. The first section of the chapter will compare the major contending schools of thought in the realm of “new” institutionalism which has emerged in recent years. Specifically, we shall deal with the rational choice institutionalism, sociological institutionalism as well as historical institutionalism. In this evaluation we shall look at their methodological orientations and empirical weaknesses. The second part of the section shifts the focus from institutions to actors in resource regimes to find out which branches of institutionalism will be of utmost importance in helping us to understand the existing perceptions and perspectives in the realm of notion construction in Kakamega district. The aim here is to explore the theoretical basis for understanding reflexive practices, of varied actors in society (including individuals, organizations, or groups) in the use of a natural resource common like Kakamega forest. The analysis will aid our appreciation of the historical and sociological foundations of their habits, routines, and strategies in the light of the social and biological interaction. 2.2 Institutions defined Institutions are simply rules, and as such make the foundation of politics, organization and ultimately society. Institutions can be divided into formal and informal. Formal institutions take the form of the national constitutions, statutes, laws, policies, regulations, zoning ordinances, and permit decisions. Informal institutions are those relating to the cultural, traditional and other societal norms. 108 Institutions form the basis of contemporary world order and without them; there would be no organization at all. This study will look at institutions as mediators of people-environmental relations, hence seeing institutions as regularized patterns of behaviour between individuals and groups in society, rather than as community level organizations. 109 108 Norgard, R. B. 1981. Social Systems and Ecosystem Evolution in the Amazon, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 3: 238-254. 109 Ostrom, V, D. Feeny and H. Picht. eds. 1988. Rethinking Institutional Analysis and Development: Issues , Alternatives and Choice.Sani Francisco, C.A: The Institute for contemporary Studies. 31
Page 1 and 2: INSTITUTIONAL DILEMMAS IN TROPICAL
Page 3 and 4: Dedication This work is dedicated i
Page 5 and 6: 7.4 COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY ACTION AND
Page 7 and 8: UNDP United Nations Development Pro
Page 9 and 10: 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Ken
Page 11 and 12: are mediated into the national poli
Page 13 and 14: Giddens notes that linking agency a
Page 15 and 16: foreign exchange controls made the
Page 17 and 18: and to preserve the different fores
Page 19 and 20: Map 2: Landsat ETM+ (7) satellite i
Page 21 and 22: egimes. 46 Yet national regimes gov
Page 23 and 24: Institutions and Institutionalism:
Page 25 and 26: learn that in practice, the definit
Page 27 and 28: The above revelations show the disc
Page 29 and 30: technologies. This kind of thinking
Page 31 and 32: The social movement’s notion arti
Page 33 and 34: 1.8 Methodology The choice of resea
Page 35 and 36: Sources of data Data for this study
Page 37: knowledge, opinions, notions in rel
Page 41 and 42: opposed to particularistic in the i
Page 43 and 44: constraints have to be applicable t
Page 45 and 46: process is a product of both extern
Page 47 and 48: position also influences actors’
Page 49 and 50: to a specific choice problem, which
Page 51 and 52: communications and authority relati
Page 53 and 54: the subsequent lack of general or s
Page 55 and 56: generally. Historical institutional
Page 57 and 58: can have remarkable consequences at
Page 59 and 60: myths and ceremonies devised by man
Page 61 and 62: In light of the above postulation,
Page 63 and 64: among inter ethnic relations. 273 D
Page 65 and 66: also important for maintaining the
Page 67 and 68: what sort of environment is left fo
Page 69 and 70: Rittberger called it “institution
Page 71 and 72: of governance. 314 For instance, fo
Page 73 and 74: and his claims. Hence it is the fun
Page 75 and 76: trees, food resources, warmth or ab
Page 77 and 78: environmental externality function
Page 79 and 80: Wear observes that the enhancement
Page 81 and 82: 4 Biodiversity, local decentralisat
Page 83 and 84: officials found to have dished out
Page 85 and 86: national level. At the local level
Page 87 and 88: declared a ban on felling indigenou
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4.2 Institutionalism, local decentr
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iodiversity change been altered, bu
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We shall use the term participation
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known as community forest user grou
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1960s and early 1970s in Europe and
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upholding of the social values and
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The social-cognitive dimension can
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as goods and certain services, and
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In summary, in this chapter we have
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This is compouded by glowing struct
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the Constitution. The Constitutiona
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far as ownership is concerned. As a
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maximum spring discharge level. 501
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During pre-colonial times, issues o
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whose boundaries could not be alter
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Although Kenya’s policy and legal
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egeneration thereof or biodiversity
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marine and fresh water resources an
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In addition, the director of Agricu
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Gottfried suggested that natural re
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Based on the review and analysis of
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Furthermore, issues of monitoring a
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players, especially given the role
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household was 6. Adults are here de
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eadily available for the researcher
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It is imperative to appreciate that
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tragedy for the entire household, c
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Table 6.6 Why persons are named aft
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the extreme lowland side, the area
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on the forest biodiversity is neith
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settling around the Mount Elgon are
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concluding the ceremonies with the
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Gender, cropping systems and labour
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ural livelihoods, it became the foc
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espondent said that they planted su
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Like we have earlier noted, most of
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When asked how such people (Custodi
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7 Historical and Sociological Insti
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Biodiversity and customary law in K
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education and a majority of social
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Put in the context of Kakamega, it
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with one of the Tirirki elders, the
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places, there was an array of reaso
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Further still, it was discovered th
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7.4 Collective community action and
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development of various community re
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Other scholars in the area of prope
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for instance, where common property
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8 Summary and Conclusions 8.1 Recap
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Conclusions The overall objective o
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already exits within the Luhya reso
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sense, the community conserved area
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management such as Kakamega, these
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We have already indicated that like
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prohibiting the use of natural reso
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economic and cultural values with a
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The wider and long-term implication
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will make it much more difficult to
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8.5 Summary The findings that have
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initial conditions, path dependence
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References BOOKS Adrian, P. 2003. T
Page 211 and 212:
Downs, R. E. and S. P. Reyna. 1988.
Page 213 and 214:
Kanyinga, K. 1994. Ethnicity, Patro
Page 215 and 216:
Neisser, U. 1967. Cognitive Psychol
Page 217 and 218:
Strathern, M. 2000. Environments wi
Page 219 and 220:
Reardon, T and Vosti, S. A. 1995. L
Page 221 and 222:
Krhoda, G. 1998. What Ails Kenya's
Page 223 and 224:
Strathern, M. 1996. Potential Prope
Page 225 and 226:
Colchester, M. 2003. Conservation P
Page 227 and 228:
Murombedzi, J. 1998. The Evolving C
Page 229 and 230:
Newspapers The Daily Nation Karura
Page 231 and 232:
List of Figures and Maps Map 1 Map
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Response Codes Snakes Monkeys Frogs
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Section 3. Usage and management for
Page 237 and 238:
Code How often are such ceremonies
Page 239 and 240:
Section 5. Management of local know
Page 241 and 242:
Code Who is responsible for growing
Page 243 and 244:
Appendix B. Schedule of organizatio
Page 245 and 246:
The interviews focused on the confl
Page 247 and 248:
Appendix D. Bibliographic schedule
Page 249:
Versicherung Ich versichere, dass i
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