THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG

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5 National and sub-national level mapping 5.1 Institutional mapping of the biodiversity sector in Kenya In their writings Scherr et al. postulated that biodiversity is an essential component in environmental, social and economic systems. Humans, animals and plants require protection to survive. 466 Different species play different roles in the functioning of ecological systems, providing critical inputs within the food chain. 467 Biodiversity is considered to be an important resource in the Kenyan biodiversity enterprise. However, this resource is one of those facing great threats due to a number of anthropogenic factors. 468 As a result, a number of interventions to reverse the resource degradation spiral especially in the area of forest biodiversity have been hatched. Such efforts include nationwide programmes that seek to protect the dry mountain forests such as the Namanga Hill forest, the Eastern Arc Mountain Forest Parches in Taita-Taveta District and the dry mountain forests of the Loima Hills in the Turkana district. 469 It is equally imperative to highlight the different interventions at various provincial and district levels in form of cross-cutting initiatives such as the Nile Basin River Initiative (NBI), Lake Victoria Environment Management Programme (LVEMP), cross border biodiversity interventions projects such as Mt. Elgon Integrated Natural Resources Management Project (Kenya and Uganda) Mara River Basin Conservation Project ( Kenya and Tanzania ) and Bio- Earth, a project bringing together varied institutions related to biodiversity research such as the University of Nairobi, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Council on Science and Technology. However, at the heart of all these conservation efforts is the restructuring and re-organisation of exiting agencies such as Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and the Forest Department, which has since been restructured to become the Forestry Services for in-situ and ex-situ conservation purposes. 470 Governance in Kenya is defined by a decentralized administrative system where power and authority are delegated to sub-national levels in form of regional or provincial governments. Here power is further lowered to the district and other local administrative units. At all these levels, biodiversity is highlighted as one of the most treasured resources, owing to the well pronounced catch phrase that “every one has a right to a clean, complete and healthy environment” Biodiversity issues have been a common concern to all Kenyans for along time. This is based on the fact that most of the country is dry and the climatic conditions continue to deteriorate. 466 Scherr, S. J., L. Buck, R. Meinzen-Dick, and L.A. Jackson. 1995. Designing Policy Research on Local Organizations in Natural Resource Management. EPTD Workshop Summary Paper 2. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, D.C: Mimeo. 467 Kagwanja, J.C, and M.E. Bredahl. 1996. Determinants of farm-level adoption of Soil Conservation and soil management technologies: Case study of Enbu, Kenya. A Working Paper. Missouri: University of Columbia. 468 GOK. 2001. Biodiversity for all. Nairobi:Global Environnemental Facility. 469 Ibid. 470 GOK. 2002. National Report on the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Nairobi: Government Printer. 98
This is compouded by glowing structural weakness in institutions and enforcement agencies. A combination of these have provoked wide spread contentions regarding the nation’s future biodiversity situation. 471 It is believed that such concerns could have arisen out of the dire need to change the rather unfriendly environment to both human, plant and animal lives. The other fact that ought to be illuminated is the need to preserve a number of fast disappearing indigenous species and indigenous knowledge. 472 Other biodiversity issues in Kenya range from destruction of forest cover, grazing systems, ecosystem stability, protection of marine biodiversity from pollution, protection of wildlife, conservation of general habitats, pollution from the manufacturing sector, impact of farm chemicals on plant and animal life as well as the impacts of the large construction projects such as dams and irrigation projects. 473 An evaluation of all these concerns pointed to one important aspect, the question of institutional inadequacy or institutional gaps in meeting all these challenges. The realisation that the nation lacks an institutional clearing house to mediate the conflicting rules and regulations regarding the management of biodiversity in the country, have been a daunting one. Until the end of the 1990s, Kenya lacked a comprehensive legal regime regarding mediation of conflicting environmental management institutions. However, inspire of enacting the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), laws on different aspects of biodiversity still remain scattered in the different acts and statutes as well as policy briefs. Such include the water, forest, mineral, fisheries, wildlife, timbers agriculture and a series of other acts. 474 The other instructive issue worth noting is that there are several agencies with authority and power to enforce the implementation of the different sections of the environmental laws. These include the ministries of environment, agriculture, fisheries, forest services, local authorities and provincial departments. Therefore because of lack of streamlined coordination, there are always conflicting in-roads on who has what mandate? This implies that, although the legal and policy framework provided a foundation for sustainable management of the environment which of course includes biodiversity, there are shortfalls during institutional implementing by coordination agencies. The result is continued degradation and decline of biodiversity resources. In the subsequent sections we shall evaluate the current formal institutions that are used in the management of the country’s biodiversity resources. 471 Ibid. 472 FAO. 2006. A Brief on the on the Inconsistencies in Environmental management in Kenya. Nairobi: FAO. 473 Mugabe,J and A. Masika. 1996. Incentives for Biodiversity Management in Kenya: Acase Study of Community -Based Conservation Around Amboseli National Park, Kenya. A paper presented at the Workshop for the Development of a Framework for Biodiversity Loss Assessment. Gland, 22–24 April 1996. 474 Ibid. 99
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INSTITUTIONAL DILEMMAS IN TROPICAL
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Dedication This work is dedicated i
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7.4 COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY ACTION AND
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UNDP United Nations Development Pro
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1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Ken
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are mediated into the national poli
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Giddens notes that linking agency a
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foreign exchange controls made the
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and to preserve the different fores
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Map 2: Landsat ETM+ (7) satellite i
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egimes. 46 Yet national regimes gov
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Institutions and Institutionalism:
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learn that in practice, the definit
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The above revelations show the disc
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technologies. This kind of thinking
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The social movement’s notion arti
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1.8 Methodology The choice of resea
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Sources of data Data for this study
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knowledge, opinions, notions in rel
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2 Theoretical Considerations 2.1 In
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opposed to particularistic in the i
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constraints have to be applicable t
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process is a product of both extern
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position also influences actors’
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to a specific choice problem, which
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communications and authority relati
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the subsequent lack of general or s
Page 55 and 56: generally. Historical institutional
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Page 59 and 60: myths and ceremonies devised by man
Page 61 and 62: In light of the above postulation,
Page 63 and 64: among inter ethnic relations. 273 D
Page 65 and 66: also important for maintaining the
Page 67 and 68: what sort of environment is left fo
Page 69 and 70: Rittberger called it “institution
Page 71 and 72: of governance. 314 For instance, fo
Page 73 and 74: and his claims. Hence it is the fun
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Page 81 and 82: 4 Biodiversity, local decentralisat
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Page 85 and 86: national level. At the local level
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Page 93 and 94: We shall use the term participation
Page 95 and 96: known as community forest user grou
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Page 99 and 100: upholding of the social values and
Page 101 and 102: The social-cognitive dimension can
Page 103 and 104: as goods and certain services, and
Page 105: In summary, in this chapter we have
Page 109 and 110: the Constitution. The Constitutiona
Page 111 and 112: far as ownership is concerned. As a
Page 113 and 114: maximum spring discharge level. 501
Page 115 and 116: During pre-colonial times, issues o
Page 117 and 118: whose boundaries could not be alter
Page 119 and 120: Although Kenya’s policy and legal
Page 121 and 122: egeneration thereof or biodiversity
Page 123 and 124: marine and fresh water resources an
Page 125 and 126: In addition, the director of Agricu
Page 127 and 128: Gottfried suggested that natural re
Page 129 and 130: Based on the review and analysis of
Page 131 and 132: Furthermore, issues of monitoring a
Page 133 and 134: players, especially given the role
Page 135 and 136: household was 6. Adults are here de
Page 137 and 138: eadily available for the researcher
Page 139 and 140: It is imperative to appreciate that
Page 141 and 142: tragedy for the entire household, c
Page 143 and 144: Table 6.6 Why persons are named aft
Page 145 and 146: the extreme lowland side, the area
Page 147 and 148: on the forest biodiversity is neith
Page 149 and 150: settling around the Mount Elgon are
Page 151 and 152: concluding the ceremonies with the
Page 153 and 154: Gender, cropping systems and labour
Page 155 and 156: ural livelihoods, it became the foc
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espondent said that they planted su
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Like we have earlier noted, most of
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When asked how such people (Custodi
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7 Historical and Sociological Insti
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Biodiversity and customary law in K
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education and a majority of social
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Put in the context of Kakamega, it
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with one of the Tirirki elders, the
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places, there was an array of reaso
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Further still, it was discovered th
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7.4 Collective community action and
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development of various community re
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Other scholars in the area of prope
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for instance, where common property
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8 Summary and Conclusions 8.1 Recap
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Conclusions The overall objective o
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already exits within the Luhya reso
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sense, the community conserved area
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management such as Kakamega, these
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We have already indicated that like
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prohibiting the use of natural reso
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economic and cultural values with a
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The wider and long-term implication
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will make it much more difficult to
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8.5 Summary The findings that have
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initial conditions, path dependence
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References BOOKS Adrian, P. 2003. T
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Downs, R. E. and S. P. Reyna. 1988.
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Kanyinga, K. 1994. Ethnicity, Patro
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Neisser, U. 1967. Cognitive Psychol
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Strathern, M. 2000. Environments wi
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Reardon, T and Vosti, S. A. 1995. L
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Krhoda, G. 1998. What Ails Kenya's
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Strathern, M. 1996. Potential Prope
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Colchester, M. 2003. Conservation P
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Murombedzi, J. 1998. The Evolving C
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Newspapers The Daily Nation Karura
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List of Figures and Maps Map 1 Map
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Response Codes Snakes Monkeys Frogs
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Section 3. Usage and management for
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Code How often are such ceremonies
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Section 5. Management of local know
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Code Who is responsible for growing
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Appendix B. Schedule of organizatio
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The interviews focused on the confl
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Appendix D. Bibliographic schedule
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Versicherung Ich versichere, dass i
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