THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG

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6 Institutional Mapping at the Local Level 6.1 Sample size determination and identification of clusters A total of 220 farmers were interviewed in a local institutional mapping household survey conducted in villages around Kakamega Forest. The survey respondents, who were predominantly farmers, are spread in the different clusters that were statistically constituted by the district statistical office in Kakamega. These clusters also fall under the sampling frame that is used by Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics. The usual sampling procedure in Kenya consists of randomised selection of clusters corresponding with enumeration areas within a master sample, with a probability equivalent to size in the number of households in every selected cluster. In each cluster, there are 168 house holds. Therefore, delectation of clusters was based on the sampling frame developed by the National Sample Survey Evaluation Programme (NASSEP III). The NASSEP III sampling frame is a two-stage stratified cluster sample design with individual districts forming the strata. In this regard, Kakamega District has 26 clusters. From these, 11 clusters were identified for the survey. These clusters eventually provided the principle sampling points. The Principle Sampling Point (PSP) was a village commonly known as a location. These clusters were purposively sampled given their location and proximity to the forest. Because the survey intended to investigate the role of local notions in institutional framing, clusters with localities in or around the forest were found to be useful. Hence the areas around the forest were deliberately represented in the sample. In each cluster, two villages were visited and in each village, 10 households were randomly chosen and interviewed. Hence, from each cluster 20 households were interviewed. In total 220 house holds were sampled. The sample size for the house holds to be covered in the local mapping survey was statistically determined based on a precision of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. 595 On top of data collected from the individual household respondents, 11 focus group discussions were held to augment the quantitative data. Having processed the sample size, the survey team proceeded to identify the eligible enumeration areas. It is important to point out that each cluster contained 168 house holds. These clusters are thought to represent the different geographical scope of the district. However, these same clusters also take into consideration different other aspects such as semi-urban/rural stratifications, economic and social differentiations as well as livelihood zonations. 596 Based on the assumption that local notions are more understood and appreciated by household heads, the interviews were restricted to the two household heads. In the survey, either the husband or wife was taken as the respondent. The average distance was 4 kilometres from Kakamega forest. This distance was ascertained by making rough approximation by the survey enumerators. In the survey the mean number of adults residing in a particular 595 Bartllett, J.E, J.W, Kotrlik and Higgins, C. 2001. Opcit. 596 CBS. 2006. Kenya Economic survey. Nairobi: Government Printer 126
household was 6. Adults are here defined as persons above the age of 18 years. This figure was ascertained after taking a mean of all adults residing in the households. During the survey this figure was ascertained by asking the demographic question; what is the number of adults residing in the house hold? Most respondents interviewed had spent at least 40 years in the enumeration area. This is an indicator that they were at grip with the local institutions in the area. It was derived from the demographic question to the respondents….…”How many years have you spent in this area?” The value presented in the table shows the average number of years all respondents in the survey had spent in the enumeration area. The most predominant occupation in the area was farming. This is derived from the respondent demographic question; what is your occupation? The value indicates 85% of the respondents who answered that they were farmers The following table below presents a summary of the sample characteristics. Table 6.1 Sample characteristics Characteristics Value Approximate distance from the forest 4 Kilometres Average number of household Adults 6 Adults Number of Adult workers aged 18-65 116 Number of Villages in the sample 44 Number of years spent in the Enumeration Area 40 Most predominant occupation in percentage terms 85 Total number of households in the sample 220 Source: Field Survey data. Respondents demographics Gender The survey was conducted in July 2006 and it attracted 220 respondents. These were found across the different divisions in Kakamega district. These included Kabras, Ileho, Ikolomani, Shinyalu, Navahorolo and Lurambi. 62.56% of these were men while 37.44% were women. Men constituted the rather bigger component of the respondent given their status as household heads. Household heads were considered to be more knowledgeable on issues regarding the local institutions and nomenclatures in the area. The other reason is that issues concerning biodiversity and more so Kakamega forest are rarely answered by women. Many of the female respondent contacted for an interview in the household referred the researcher to the household head. This also has its roots in the patriarchal nature of the Luhya society where husbands in the home are the ultimate authority and therefore considered to be the 127
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INSTITUTIONAL DILEMMAS IN TROPICAL
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Dedication This work is dedicated i
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7.4 COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY ACTION AND
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UNDP United Nations Development Pro
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1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Ken
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are mediated into the national poli
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Giddens notes that linking agency a
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foreign exchange controls made the
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and to preserve the different fores
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Map 2: Landsat ETM+ (7) satellite i
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egimes. 46 Yet national regimes gov
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Institutions and Institutionalism:
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learn that in practice, the definit
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The above revelations show the disc
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technologies. This kind of thinking
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The social movement’s notion arti
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1.8 Methodology The choice of resea
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Sources of data Data for this study
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knowledge, opinions, notions in rel
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2 Theoretical Considerations 2.1 In
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opposed to particularistic in the i
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constraints have to be applicable t
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process is a product of both extern
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position also influences actors’
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to a specific choice problem, which
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communications and authority relati
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the subsequent lack of general or s
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generally. Historical institutional
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can have remarkable consequences at
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myths and ceremonies devised by man
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In light of the above postulation,
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among inter ethnic relations. 273 D
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also important for maintaining the
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what sort of environment is left fo
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Rittberger called it “institution
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of governance. 314 For instance, fo
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and his claims. Hence it is the fun
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trees, food resources, warmth or ab
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environmental externality function
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Wear observes that the enhancement
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4 Biodiversity, local decentralisat
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Page 93 and 94: We shall use the term participation
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Page 105 and 106: In summary, in this chapter we have
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Page 111 and 112: far as ownership is concerned. As a
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Page 117 and 118: whose boundaries could not be alter
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Page 121 and 122: egeneration thereof or biodiversity
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Page 133: players, especially given the role
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Page 163 and 164: 7 Historical and Sociological Insti
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8 Summary and Conclusions 8.1 Recap
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Conclusions The overall objective o
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already exits within the Luhya reso
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sense, the community conserved area
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management such as Kakamega, these
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We have already indicated that like
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prohibiting the use of natural reso
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economic and cultural values with a
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The wider and long-term implication
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will make it much more difficult to
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8.5 Summary The findings that have
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initial conditions, path dependence
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References BOOKS Adrian, P. 2003. T
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Downs, R. E. and S. P. Reyna. 1988.
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Kanyinga, K. 1994. Ethnicity, Patro
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Neisser, U. 1967. Cognitive Psychol
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Strathern, M. 2000. Environments wi
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Reardon, T and Vosti, S. A. 1995. L
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Krhoda, G. 1998. What Ails Kenya's
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Strathern, M. 1996. Potential Prope
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Colchester, M. 2003. Conservation P
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Murombedzi, J. 1998. The Evolving C
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Newspapers The Daily Nation Karura
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List of Figures and Maps Map 1 Map
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Response Codes Snakes Monkeys Frogs
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Section 3. Usage and management for
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Code How often are such ceremonies
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Section 5. Management of local know
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Code Who is responsible for growing
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Appendix B. Schedule of organizatio
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The interviews focused on the confl
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Appendix D. Bibliographic schedule
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Versicherung Ich versichere, dass i
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