THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG

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the climatic patterns, with inland rainfall generally relating to changes in altitude. 22 High rainfalls are normally associated with the Indian Ocean coastal belt, the central highlands, and the areas near the north and east of Lake Victoria. The physical basis of the country is its extensive erosional plains that cut across ancient crystalline rocks of precambrian age. These physical features are more vivid along the rift valley. The height of the Kenya Highlands has been greatly augmented by outpourings of tertiary lavas, leaving plateaux at 2,500-3,000m and with isolated extinct volcanoes like Mt Kenya (5,199m) and Mt Elgon (4,321m). The Great East African Rift Valley bisects the country from north to south. This rift valley is dotted with lakes and volcanoes which are inactive, but generally associated with steam vents and hot springs. Westwards, the plains incline beneath the waters of Lake Victoria and eastwards they have been down-warped beneath a sediment-filled basin, signifying the impact of warping. Forests are largely located in the rainy upper levels of the Kenyan highlands, where they are supplied with abundant rainfall. East and west of the highlands, forests give way to low trees scattered through an even cover of short grass. 23 Semi-desert regions below 3,000 feet, give rise to baobab trees. In drier areas of the north, desert scrub occurs, exposing the bare ground. The vegetation of the coastal region is basically savannah with patches of residual forests. While the northern coast still bears remnants of forests, years of human occupation in the south have virtually destroyed most of the forests in this part of the country. 24 In terms of economic and political governance, Kenya, formally a British settlers’colony, attained independence from Britain in 1963 and later became a republic. The Country currently has a total population of 36,987,000 people of which 66% are residing in the countryside. 25 This indicates intense competition for arable land and thus creating a lot of land conflicts. Tourism is essential to the economy, and Kenya being one of Africa's major tourist destinations, tourism is essential to the economy. 26 After independence, Kenya promoted rapid economic growth through public investment, encouragement of smallholder agricultural production, and incentives for private (often foreign) industrial investment. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at an annual average of 6.6% from 1963 to 1973. Agricultural production grew by 4.7% annually during the same period. This was stimulated by redistributing estates, diffusing new crop strains, and opening new areas to cultivation. Between 1974 and 1990, however, Kenya's economic performance declined. Inappropriate agricultural policies and poor international terms of trade contributed to the decline in agriculture. Kenya's inward-looking policy of import substitution and rising oil prices made Kenya's manufacturing sector uncompetitive. The government began a massive intrusion in the private sector. Lack of export incentives, tight import controls, and 22 Buckle, C. 1992. Physical Geography of East Africa. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. 23 Mistu News. Reservation of Permanet Forest Estate in East Africa, September 2004. 24 Katuu, S. 2002. Kenya Resource Database: A Preliminary Review. Sage Publications. 18(2):107-110. 25 GOK.1995. Statistical Abstract. Nairobi: Government Printer. 26 GOK. 1999. Population and Human Development Planning Report. Nairobi: Government Printer. 6
foreign exchange controls made the domestic environment for investment even less attractive. 27 From 1991 to 1993, Kenya had its worst economic performance since independence. Growth in GDP stagnated, and agricultural production shrank at an annual rate of 3.9%. Inflation reached a record 100% in August 1993, and the government's budget deficit was over 10% of GDP. As a result of these combined problems, bilateral and multilateral donors suspended aid to Kenya in 1991. 28 In 1993, the Government of Kenya began a major program of economic reform and liberalization. A new minister of finance and a new governor of the central bank undertook a series of economic measures with the assistance of the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). As part of this program, the government eliminated price controls and import licensing, removed foreign exchange controls, privatised a range of publicly owned companies, reduced the number of civil servants, and introduced conservative fiscal and monetary policies. From 1994-1996, Kenya's GDP growth rate averaged just over 4% a year. 29 In 1997, however, the economy entered a period of slowing or stagnant growth, due in part to adverse weather conditions and reduced economic activity prior to general elections in December 1997. In 2000, GDP growth was negative, but improved slightly in 2001. Economic growth continued to improve slightly in 2002 and reached 1.4% in 2003 and it reached 4.3% in 2004. 30 In terms of international standing, Kenya is one of the few reputed African countries, and hosts a number of international organisations and different foreign missions in its capital Nairobi. It is the only African Country which hosts many United Nations Departments, such as the United Nations Environment Department (UNEP) headquarters. Geographical location of Kakamega Forest Kakamega forest is located in the Western Province of Kenya, lying between latitudes 00°08’30.5’’ N (41 236 in UTM 36 N) and 00°22’12.5’’ N (15 984) and longitudes 34°46’08.0’’ E (696 777) and 34°57’26.5’’ E (717 761) at an altitude of about 1500 to 1700m (Map. 1). From the 150 km remote Rift Valley it is separated by highlands like the Cherangan in the north, and the Mau Escarpment in the south. The distance to Kisumu from Lake Victoria is about 43 km (Map.1). Kakamega town on the western side of the forest is located about 7.5 km to the nearest point of the main forest block. 31 Kakamega forest is about 66 km from the border to Uganda and about 94 km to Mt. Elgon. It is one of the few tropical forests remaining in Kenya. It also acts as a habitat to a great number of plant and animal species, yet 27 IMF. 1995. Kenya and the IMF. Washington:International Monetary Fund. 28 GOK. 1997. The Statistical Abstract .Nairobi:Government Printer. 29 GOK. 2005. Background o the Budget. Nairobi:Government Printer. 30 GOK. 2006. Population and Human Development Planning Report. Nairobi: Government Printer. 31 KIFCON. 1994. Kakamega Forest - The official guide, Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation Programme. Nairobi: Kenya. 7
Page 1 and 2: INSTITUTIONAL DILEMMAS IN TROPICAL
Page 3 and 4: Dedication This work is dedicated i
Page 5 and 6: 7.4 COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY ACTION AND
Page 7 and 8: UNDP United Nations Development Pro
Page 9 and 10: 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Ken
Page 11 and 12: are mediated into the national poli
Page 13: Giddens notes that linking agency a
Page 17 and 18: and to preserve the different fores
Page 19 and 20: Map 2: Landsat ETM+ (7) satellite i
Page 21 and 22: egimes. 46 Yet national regimes gov
Page 23 and 24: Institutions and Institutionalism:
Page 25 and 26: learn that in practice, the definit
Page 27 and 28: The above revelations show the disc
Page 29 and 30: technologies. This kind of thinking
Page 31 and 32: The social movement’s notion arti
Page 33 and 34: 1.8 Methodology The choice of resea
Page 35 and 36: Sources of data Data for this study
Page 37 and 38: knowledge, opinions, notions in rel
Page 39 and 40: 2 Theoretical Considerations 2.1 In
Page 41 and 42: opposed to particularistic in the i
Page 43 and 44: constraints have to be applicable t
Page 45 and 46: process is a product of both extern
Page 47 and 48: position also influences actors’
Page 49 and 50: to a specific choice problem, which
Page 51 and 52: communications and authority relati
Page 53 and 54: the subsequent lack of general or s
Page 55 and 56: generally. Historical institutional
Page 57 and 58: can have remarkable consequences at
Page 59 and 60: myths and ceremonies devised by man
Page 61 and 62: In light of the above postulation,
Page 63 and 64: among inter ethnic relations. 273 D
Page 65 and 66:
also important for maintaining the
Page 67 and 68:
what sort of environment is left fo
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Rittberger called it “institution
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of governance. 314 For instance, fo
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and his claims. Hence it is the fun
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trees, food resources, warmth or ab
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environmental externality function
Page 79 and 80:
Wear observes that the enhancement
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4 Biodiversity, local decentralisat
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officials found to have dished out
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national level. At the local level
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declared a ban on felling indigenou
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4.2 Institutionalism, local decentr
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iodiversity change been altered, bu
Page 93 and 94:
We shall use the term participation
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known as community forest user grou
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1960s and early 1970s in Europe and
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upholding of the social values and
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The social-cognitive dimension can
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as goods and certain services, and
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In summary, in this chapter we have
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This is compouded by glowing struct
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the Constitution. The Constitutiona
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far as ownership is concerned. As a
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maximum spring discharge level. 501
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During pre-colonial times, issues o
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whose boundaries could not be alter
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Although Kenya’s policy and legal
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egeneration thereof or biodiversity
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marine and fresh water resources an
Page 125 and 126:
In addition, the director of Agricu
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Gottfried suggested that natural re
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Based on the review and analysis of
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Furthermore, issues of monitoring a
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players, especially given the role
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household was 6. Adults are here de
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eadily available for the researcher
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It is imperative to appreciate that
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tragedy for the entire household, c
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Table 6.6 Why persons are named aft
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the extreme lowland side, the area
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on the forest biodiversity is neith
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settling around the Mount Elgon are
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concluding the ceremonies with the
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Gender, cropping systems and labour
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ural livelihoods, it became the foc
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espondent said that they planted su
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Like we have earlier noted, most of
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When asked how such people (Custodi
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7 Historical and Sociological Insti
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Biodiversity and customary law in K
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education and a majority of social
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Put in the context of Kakamega, it
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with one of the Tirirki elders, the
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places, there was an array of reaso
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Further still, it was discovered th
Page 177 and 178:
7.4 Collective community action and
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development of various community re
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Other scholars in the area of prope
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for instance, where common property
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8 Summary and Conclusions 8.1 Recap
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Conclusions The overall objective o
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already exits within the Luhya reso
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sense, the community conserved area
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management such as Kakamega, these
Page 195 and 196:
We have already indicated that like
Page 197 and 198:
prohibiting the use of natural reso
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economic and cultural values with a
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The wider and long-term implication
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will make it much more difficult to
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8.5 Summary The findings that have
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initial conditions, path dependence
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References BOOKS Adrian, P. 2003. T
Page 211 and 212:
Downs, R. E. and S. P. Reyna. 1988.
Page 213 and 214:
Kanyinga, K. 1994. Ethnicity, Patro
Page 215 and 216:
Neisser, U. 1967. Cognitive Psychol
Page 217 and 218:
Strathern, M. 2000. Environments wi
Page 219 and 220:
Reardon, T and Vosti, S. A. 1995. L
Page 221 and 222:
Krhoda, G. 1998. What Ails Kenya's
Page 223 and 224:
Strathern, M. 1996. Potential Prope
Page 225 and 226:
Colchester, M. 2003. Conservation P
Page 227 and 228:
Murombedzi, J. 1998. The Evolving C
Page 229 and 230:
Newspapers The Daily Nation Karura
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List of Figures and Maps Map 1 Map
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Response Codes Snakes Monkeys Frogs
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Section 3. Usage and management for
Page 237 and 238:
Code How often are such ceremonies
Page 239 and 240:
Section 5. Management of local know
Page 241 and 242:
Code Who is responsible for growing
Page 243 and 244:
Appendix B. Schedule of organizatio
Page 245 and 246:
The interviews focused on the confl
Page 247 and 248:
Appendix D. Bibliographic schedule
Page 249:
Versicherung Ich versichere, dass i
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THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG

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