LESSONS ENCOUNTERED

Hoffman and Crowther
bune (London), November 14, 2009, 3; Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Envoy’s Cables Show Worries
on Afghan Plans,” New York Times, January 25, 2010, A1.
121
McChrystal, interview.
122
Schmitt, “U.S. Envoy’s Cables Show Worry.”
123
David Petraeus, interview by Joseph J. Collins and Nathan White, April 2, 2015; Stanley
A. McChrystal, interview by Joseph J. Collins, Frank G. Hoffman, and Nathan White,
March 27, 2015.
124
Woodward, Obama’s Wars, 225; Peter Baker, “How Obama Came to Plan for ‘Surge’ in
Afghanistan,” New York Times, December 5, 2009, A1.
125
Kevin P. Marsh, “The Contemporary Presidency: The Administrator as Outsider: James
Jones as National Security Advisor,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 42, no. 4 (December
2012), 827–842. On the Secretary of Defense’s concerns about an NSC process that takes
an advocacy position, see Gates, 385. Michèle A. Flournoy, interview by Frank G. Hoffman
and Joseph J. Collins, January 8, 2015.
126
Peter Baker and Thomas Shanker, “A Pragmatist, Gates Reshapes Past Policies He
Backed,” New York Times, September 21, 2009, A1; M. Landler and Thomas Shanker,
“Clinton and Gates Join Forces in Debate on Afghanistan Buildup,” New York Times, October
13, 2009, A8. On the Secretary of State’s views, see Hillary Clinton, Hard Choices (New
York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), 129–149.
127
Woodward, Obama’s Wars, 235–237, 245, 272–273.
128
John Burns, “McChrystal Rejects Scaling Down Afghan Military Aims,” New York
Times, October 2, 2009, A12; Woodward, Obama’s Wars, 193–194.
129
Elizabeth Bumiller and David Sanger, “3 Obama advisers favor more troops for Afghanistan,”
New York Times, November 11, 2009, A6; Art Spillius and B. Farmer, “Obama
Wants Exit Strategy in New Plan; Decision on More Troops to Include Option for Leaving,”
The Daily Telegraph (London), November 13, 2009, A17.
130
Panetta, Worthy Fights; Woodward, Obama’s Wars, 158–159.
131
Woodward, Obama’s Wars, 172–174; Gates, 339, 350, 367.
132
Anne S. Tyson and S. Wilson, “Gates Wants Leader’s War Advice Kept Private; Admonition
Follows Comments on War by U.S. Commander,” Washington Post, October 6, 2009,
A1.
133
“An Interview with Admiral Michael G. Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,”
Joint Force Quarterly 54 (3 rd Quarter 2009). In this interview, the Chairman articulated
a traditional perspective on civil military relations: “We execute policy. We do not make
it or advocate for it. That said, I realize my role is advising policy as Chairman, but that
advice is always private. And once the decision is made, we move out. That’s what our
military does, and we do it well. I would agree that we do need more of a focus on military
ethics and civil-military relations in our schoolhouses.”
156