LESSONS ENCOUNTERED

Hoffman and Crowther
180
General George W. Casey Papers, Box #145, February 24, 2006, National Defense University
Library Special Collections, Washington, DC.
181
Higgins, 136.
182
Casey Papers, Box #145, February 24, 2006.
183
General Casey states that he was “informed about a review” on Iraq by General Peter
Pace in October, “but, from my perspective, it did not begin in earnest until after Secretary
Rumsfeld’s resignation in early November.” See George W. Casey, Strategic Reflections
(Washington, DC: NDU Press, 2012), 135.
184
At least 92 personal discussions, secure video teleconferences, and visits between February
2006 and February 2007.
185
Feaver, interview.
186
Hadley, interview.
187
Hadley, interview; Petraeus, interview.
188
Ibid.
189
Ibid.
190
Casey Papers, Box #145, June 14, 2006.
191
Casey, Strategic Reflections, 37–38.
192
“President Bush Nominates Dr. Robert M. Gates to be Secretary of Defense,” The White
House, November 8, 2006, available at .
193
Institute for the Study of War, Timelines of the Surge in Iraq: December 2005–December
2008 (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War, n.d.), available at .
194
William Upshur, Jonathan Roginski, and David Kilcullen, “Recognizing Symptoms in
Afghanistan: Lessons Learned and New Approaches to Operational Assessments,” PRISM
3, no. 3 (June 2012), 89, available at .
195
Emily Mushen and Jonathan Schroden, Are We Winning? A Brief History of Military
Operations Assessment (Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, August 2014), ii.
196
Stephen Downes-Martin, “Operations Assessment in Afghanistan is Broken,” Naval
War College Review 64, no. 4 (Autumn 2011). For further evaluation of conflict trends in
Afghanistan, see Eric Gons et al., “Challenges of Measuring Progress in Afghanistan Using
Violence Trends: The Effects of Aggregation, Military, Operations, Seasonality, Weather,
and other Causal Factors,” Defense & Security Analysis 28, no. 2 (June 2012).
197
Lute, interview.
198
Cited in Jonathan Schroden, “Operations Assessment at ISAF: Changing Paradigms,” in
Innovation in Operations Assessment: Recent Developments in Measuring Results in Conflict
160