Pedestrian Signal Safety - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety

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162 Table E-4. Significance testing of difference in mean walking speed for younger and older pedestrians for two types of pedestrian signal. Intersection type Subjects Mean Standard deviation Pedestrians under 65 Traditional Pedestrians 65 and older Pedestrians under 65 Countdown Pedestrians 65 and older Pedestrians with Impairments 5.32 0.93 4.45 0.85 5.25 0.75 4.22 0.79 Tcalc 9.438 13.284 Outcome The difference between means is significant at 95 percent. The difference between means is significant at 95 percent. Pedestrians with discernable mobility or visual impairments were recorded separately, regardless of their age. At the Montgomery County intersections, 34 pedestrians with impairments were observed for walking speeds during the study periods. The walking speeds categorized by impairments are listed in Table E-5. These data are not stratified by age due to the small sample size. Table E-5. Walking speeds of pedestrians with impairments, regardless of age, in Montgomery County, Maryland. Observed impairment Pedestrians MWS Visually impaired 1 4.70 Mobility impaired (walked with a cane, crutch, push cart, or with a limp) 22 3.10 Motorized wheelchair assisted 11 5.80
Twenty-two pedestrians with mobility impairments were observed during the study period. MWS for these pedestrians was 3.10 ft./sec. This walking speed was slower than the 15th-percentile for pedestrians 65 and older for all but one leg (Colesville Road and E. West Highway, major approach) of the four intersections. Start-Up Times Pedestrians who approached the intersection during the steady DON’T WALK (DW) interval and waited for the WALK interval were observed to determine their start-up lost time. This is the time from when the WALK indication is displayed on the pedestrian signal until the pedestrian leaves the curb and starts his or her crossing. This start-up time is related to the pedestrian’s reaction to the signal timing. However, there could be other factors, such as turning vehicles still in the intersection, that may cause a pedestrian to delay his or her start across the intersection. No distinction was made between those who waited for turning vehicles and those who simply did not react to the signal as quickly. Only pedestrians who arrived prior to the onset of the WALK interval were included in this analysis. Observations were recorded for pedestrians across the minor leg of Bethesda and Arlington (traditional), the minor leg of Elm and Woodmont (countdown), and the minor leg of Colesville and E. West Highway (countdown). Based on a sample of 267 younger pedestrians at the three intersection legs, younger pedestrians had an average start-up time of 2.19 sec. Based on a sample of 58 older pedestrians at the three intersections, older pedestrians had a start-up time of 2.38 sec. This is a difference of .19 sec. Compliance Pedestrians at each intersection were observed during two hours of peak vehicle and pedestrian activity using the PATH system. For each pedestrian, observers recorded the pedestrian signal indication (WALK, FDW, or DW) that was displayed when the pedestrian entered the intersection. Observations were recorded separately for younger pedestrians and those 65 and older. Observations were recorded during the three hours of peak vehicle activity because vehicle volumes at intersections likely affect pedestrian compliance to the signal. This is related to the opportunity to cross. That is, at an intersection with low vehicle volume, pedestrians are more likely to violate the pedestrian signal because there are more available crossing gaps. Pedestrians Under 65 Table E-6 shows the frequency and percentage of younger pedestrians entering during each signal indication for the two intersections equipped with TPS. 163
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Pedestrian Signal Safety for Older
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LIST OF TABLES Table/Page ES-1/19.
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure/Page 1/22. E
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LIST OF DEFINITIONS Access Board Th
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FOREWORD ABOUT THE SPONSOR This stu
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16 Mark J. Kulewicz Director-Traffi
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18 LITERATURE REVIEW FINDINGS • O
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20 1. Based on the results observed
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22 Figure 1. Example of a pedestria
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METHODS The project objectives were
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and 3.40 ft./sec. for pedestrians o
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the potential impact of various wal
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Pedestrian Start-Up Time Pedestrian
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• a PCD signal with both the coun
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six crosswalks experienced a signif
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where: W = duration of WALK indicat
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Gates, Noyce, Bill, and Van Ee expa
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Table 3. Summary of empirical data
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Table 4. Summary of researcher reco
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SITE SELECTION/EFFECT OF DIFFERENT
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Walking Speeds The project team mea
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RESULTS AGENCY SURVEY FINDINGS Deta
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5 0 . 0 % 4 5 . 0 % 4 0 . 0 % 3 5 .
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POSITIVE IMPACTS OF PEDESTRIAN COUN
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• Give third priority to signaliz
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15th-Percentile Walking Speed The 1
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Table 10: Pedestrian signal complia
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Table 12. Older pedestrians remaini
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The case study intersections in Sal
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Five different traffic volume condi
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Minneapolis/St.Paul, Minnesota Figu
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Figure 10. Delay vs. volumes at Mon
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There was no change in overall LOS
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Figure 13. Delay vs. volumes at Ora
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Pedestrian Understanding and Prefer
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the countdown at the end of the FDW
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lengths are preferred for pedestria
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Table 23. Comparison of the literat
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observer was assigned to each inter
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APPENDIX A WEB-PEDESTRIAN COUNTDOWN
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PURPOSE OF SURVEY The purpose of th
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d) Plan to use during the next one
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Question 22 If you answered “yes
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Table A-1. Distribution of responde
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Table A-2. Respondent organizations
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Figure A-2 shows the distribution o
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6 0 .0 % 5 5 .0 % 5 0 .0 % 4 5 .0 %
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Figure A-7. Roadway characteristics
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PEDESTRIAN COUNTDOWN SIGNAL START/E
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PCD Signal Start/End Times Start of
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3. Seniors and other adults showed
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• No. Countdown timers encourage
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Page 113 and 114: • None (n = 32) • Motorists spe
Page 115 and 116: PEDESTRIAN SAFETY FOR OLDER PEDESTR
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX C: BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA
Page 119 and 120: BACKGROUND Broward County is locate
Page 121 and 122: DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY Pedestr
Page 123 and 124: For younger pedestrians, the mean w
Page 125 and 126: Pedestrians Under 65 Table C-6 show
Page 127 and 128: Pedestrians Left in Intersection At
Page 129 and 130: Table C-11. Pedestrian WALK and cle
Page 131 and 132: Figure C-2. Delay vs. volumes at ca
Page 133 and 134: Table C-13. Broward County, Florida
Page 135 and 136: APPENDIX D: MINNEAPOLIS/ST. PAUL, M
Page 137 and 138: BACKGROUND Minneapolis, in southeas
Page 139 and 140: • Lyndale Avenue and Franklin Ave
Page 141 and 142: Table D-2. Walking speeds for pedes
Page 143 and 144: Table D-4. Significance testing of
Page 145 and 146: Table D-7. Frequency and percentage
Page 147 and 148: SURVEY RESULTS A total of 150 pedes
Page 149 and 150: For the major street approaches, LO
Page 151 and 152: 3.50 ft./sec. Figure D-6. Intersect
Page 153 and 154: SUMMARY In summary, the key results
Page 155 and 156: LIST OF TABLES Table/Page E-1/156.
Page 157 and 158: SITE SELECTION Engineering staff fr
Page 159 and 160: DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY Pedestr
Page 161: For younger pedestrians, the mean w
Page 165 and 166: Older Pedestrians Table E-8 shows t
Page 167 and 168: EFFECT OF CHANGING WALKING SPEEDS O
Page 169 and 170: As shown in Table E-12, major stree
Page 171 and 172: 3.50 ft./sec. Figure E-6. Intersect
Page 173 and 174: SUMMARY In summary, the key results
Page 175 and 176: LIST OF TABLES Table/Page F-1/176.
Page 177 and 178: SITE SELECTION The City of White Pl
Page 179 and 180: RESULTS Walking Speeds The walking
Page 181 and 182: For younger pedestrians, the mean w
Page 183 and 184: cross. That is, at an intersection
Page 185 and 186: Pedestrians Left in Intersection At
Page 187 and 188: Table F-11. Pedestrian WALK and cle
Page 189 and 190: Table F-13. White Plains, New York:
Page 191 and 192: APPENDIX G: SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH CA
Page 193 and 194: BACKGROUND Salt Lake City is Utah
Page 195 and 196: Figure G-2 displays the type of ped
Page 197 and 198: Table G-2. Walking speeds for pedes
Page 199 and 200: Pedestrians with Impairments Pedest
Page 201 and 202: Older Pedestrians Table G-8 shows t
Page 203 and 204: EFFECT OF CHANGING WALKING SPEEDS O
Page 205 and 206: Figure G-3. Delay vs. volumes at ca
Page 207 and 208: Table G-13. Salt Lake City, Utah in
Page 209 and 210: APPENDIX H: ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORN
Page 211 and 212: BACKGROUND Orange County, Californi
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DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY Pedestr
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For younger pedestrians, the mean w
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Younger Pedestrians Table H-6 shows
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Pedestrians Left in Intersection At
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Figure H-2 shows the overall averag
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Figure H-2. Delay vs. volumes at ca
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Table H-13. Orange County, Californ
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APPENDIX I: MONROE COUNTY, NEW YORK
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COUNTY OF MONROE DEPARTMENT OF TRAN
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APPENDIX J: NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON U
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3. Add a new Guidance statement rec
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Guidance: Where the pedestrian clea
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Fugger, T.F., B.C. Randles, A.C. St
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Pedestrian Signal Safety - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety

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