Pedestrian Signal Safety - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety

More documents

Recommendations

Info

40 clearly agreed that older pedestrians had slower walking speeds than their younger counterparts. However, the empirical data on the walking speeds of older pedestrians varied greatly between the studies. The reported MWS for older pedestrians varied among the studies from 3.19 ft./sec. to 4.60 ft./sec. The 15th-percentile speed varied from 2.20 ft./sec. to 4.00 ft./sec. Table 3 summarizes walking speed results from empirical studies within the literature by researchers for re-establishing walking speeds based on age, disability, traffic control condition, and pedestrian signal type. Table 4 summarizes specific recommendations for walking speeds from various researchers. Several of the key recommendations concerning pedestrian walking speeds are described below: • Coffin and Morrall suggested using design walking speeds of 3.30 ft./sec. for elderly pedestrians at signalized pedestrian-actuated mid-block crosswalks and 4.00 ft./sec. for elderly pedestrians at signalized intersections. At signalized intersections near seniors or nursing homes, they suggested using a walking speed of 3.30 ft./sec. (Coffin and Morrall 1995). • Rouphail et al. recommended a pedestrian crosswalk walking speed value of 3.90 ft./sec. for most conditions, except in areas with large numbers of older pedestrians. The number of older pedestrians is considered “large” when the proportion of elderly pedestrians begins to materially affect the overall speed distribution at the facility. A crosswalk walking speed value of 3.30 ft./sec. should be used where the crosswalk incurs a usage of 20 percent or greater by elderly pedestrians. It was found that the 15th-percentile speed for the overall population will drop to 3.77 ft./sec. when the proportion of elderly pedestrians increases to 20 percent. Rouphail et al. recommended the use of the lower 3.30 ft./sec. value when the percentage of elderly using the facility in question exceeds 20 percent (Highway Capacity Manual 2000). • Gates, Noyce, Bill, and Van Ee recommended using a walking speed of 3.80 ft./sec. for locations with normal demographics and walking speeds of 3.60 ft./sec., 3.50 ft./sec., 3.40 ft./sec., and 3.30 ft./sec. at intersections where the proportion of older pedestrians exceeds 20, 30, 40, and 50 percent of pedestrians, respectively. At intersections where nearly all of the pedestrians can be classified as “older pedestrians,” the authors recommended using a walking speed of 2.90 ft./sec (Gates et al. 2006). • Fitzpatrick, Brewer, and Turner, in TCRP D-08/NCHRP 3-71, recommended the following: 3.50 ft./sec. for the general population and 3.00 ft./sec. for the older or less able population (Fitzpatrick, Brewer, and Turner August 2005). Very few reported studies have evaluated walking speeds at intersections equipped with PCD signals. Additionally, studies about the effect of PCD signals on pedestrian behavior have reported inconsistent findings. This study addresses these knowledge gaps.
Table 3. Summary of empirical data on walking speeds. Researcher Condition Knoblauch et al. (study includes 2,081 young and 2,379 old pedestrians) Fitzpatrick, Brewer, and Turner (TCRP D-08/ NCHRP 3-71) Akcelik & Associates (2001, Australia) Bowman and Vecellio Coffin and Morrall Older pedestrians Mean 15thpercentile Younger pedestrians Walking speed (ft./sec.) Mean Age-only 4.11 3.19 4.95 4.09 Older pedestrians who entered on WALK Younger pedestrians who entered on WALK Road width (28–42 ft.) Road width (43–51 ft.) Road width (52–104 ft.) Study included 42 study sites in 7 states; 2,441 pedestrians Median refuge present/not present Pedestrian mid-block signalized crossings on four-lane undivided roads 3.94 3.08 4.79 3.97 3.73 2.97 4.73 3.90 4.01 3.16 4.77 4.01 4.18 3.31 4.88 4.06 15thpercentile Mean All pedestrians 15thpercentile 4.25 3.03 3.77 4.74 3.70 Age 3.40 4.46 Two signalized intersections Signalized, actuated mid-block crossings 4.50/ 4.60 4.10/ 4.00 4.00 3.30 4.87 4.80 4.70 4.00 41
Page 1: Pedestrian Signal Safety for Older
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES Table/Page ES-1/19.
Page 7: LIST OF FIGURES Figure/Page 1/22. E
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF DEFINITIONS Access Board Th
Page 13: FOREWORD ABOUT THE SPONSOR This stu
Page 16 and 17: 16 Mark J. Kulewicz Director-Traffi
Page 18 and 19: 18 LITERATURE REVIEW FINDINGS • O
Page 20 and 21: 20 1. Based on the results observed
Page 22 and 23: 22 Figure 1. Example of a pedestria
Page 25 and 26: METHODS The project objectives were
Page 27 and 28: and 3.40 ft./sec. for pedestrians o
Page 29 and 30: the potential impact of various wal
Page 31 and 32: Pedestrian Start-Up Time Pedestrian
Page 33 and 34: • a PCD signal with both the coun
Page 35 and 36: six crosswalks experienced a signif
Page 37 and 38: where: W = duration of WALK indicat
Page 39: Gates, Noyce, Bill, and Van Ee expa
Page 43 and 44: Table 4. Summary of researcher reco
Page 45 and 46: SITE SELECTION/EFFECT OF DIFFERENT
Page 47 and 48: Walking Speeds The project team mea
Page 49 and 50: RESULTS AGENCY SURVEY FINDINGS Deta
Page 51 and 52: 5 0 . 0 % 4 5 . 0 % 4 0 . 0 % 3 5 .
Page 53 and 54: POSITIVE IMPACTS OF PEDESTRIAN COUN
Page 55 and 56: • Give third priority to signaliz
Page 57 and 58: 15th-Percentile Walking Speed The 1
Page 59 and 60: Table 10: Pedestrian signal complia
Page 61 and 62: Table 12. Older pedestrians remaini
Page 63 and 64: The case study intersections in Sal
Page 65 and 66: Five different traffic volume condi
Page 67 and 68: Minneapolis/St.Paul, Minnesota Figu
Page 69 and 70: Figure 10. Delay vs. volumes at Mon
Page 71 and 72: There was no change in overall LOS
Page 73 and 74: Figure 13. Delay vs. volumes at Ora
Page 75 and 76: Pedestrian Understanding and Prefer
Page 77 and 78: the countdown at the end of the FDW
Page 79 and 80: lengths are preferred for pedestria
Page 81 and 82: Table 23. Comparison of the literat
Page 83 and 84: observer was assigned to each inter
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX A WEB-PEDESTRIAN COUNTDOWN
Page 87 and 88: PURPOSE OF SURVEY The purpose of th
Page 89 and 90: d) Plan to use during the next one
Page 91 and 92:
Question 22 If you answered “yes
Page 93 and 94:
Table A-1. Distribution of responde
Page 95 and 96:
Table A-2. Respondent organizations
Page 97 and 98:
Figure A-2 shows the distribution o
Page 99 and 100:
6 0 .0 % 5 5 .0 % 5 0 .0 % 4 5 .0 %
Page 101 and 102:
Figure A-7. Roadway characteristics
Page 103 and 104:
PEDESTRIAN COUNTDOWN SIGNAL START/E
Page 105 and 106:
PCD Signal Start/End Times Start of
Page 107 and 108:
3. Seniors and other adults showed
Page 109 and 110:
• No. Countdown timers encourage
Page 111 and 112:
the crossing time remaining? Yes 20
Page 113 and 114:
• None (n = 32) • Motorists spe
Page 115 and 116:
PEDESTRIAN SAFETY FOR OLDER PEDESTR
Page 117 and 118:
APPENDIX C: BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA
Page 119 and 120:
BACKGROUND Broward County is locate
Page 121 and 122:
DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY Pedestr
Page 123 and 124:
For younger pedestrians, the mean w
Page 125 and 126:
Pedestrians Under 65 Table C-6 show
Page 127 and 128:
Pedestrians Left in Intersection At
Page 129 and 130:
Table C-11. Pedestrian WALK and cle
Page 131 and 132:
Figure C-2. Delay vs. volumes at ca
Page 133 and 134:
Table C-13. Broward County, Florida
Page 135 and 136:
APPENDIX D: MINNEAPOLIS/ST. PAUL, M
Page 137 and 138:
BACKGROUND Minneapolis, in southeas
Page 139 and 140:
• Lyndale Avenue and Franklin Ave
Page 141 and 142:
Table D-2. Walking speeds for pedes
Page 143 and 144:
Table D-4. Significance testing of
Page 145 and 146:
Table D-7. Frequency and percentage
Page 147 and 148:
SURVEY RESULTS A total of 150 pedes
Page 149 and 150:
For the major street approaches, LO
Page 151 and 152:
3.50 ft./sec. Figure D-6. Intersect
Page 153 and 154:
SUMMARY In summary, the key results
Page 155 and 156:
LIST OF TABLES Table/Page E-1/156.
Page 157 and 158:
SITE SELECTION Engineering staff fr
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Twenty-two pedestrians with mobilit
Page 165 and 166:
Older Pedestrians Table E-8 shows t
Page 167 and 168:
EFFECT OF CHANGING WALKING SPEEDS O
Page 169 and 170:
As shown in Table E-12, major stree
Page 171 and 172:
3.50 ft./sec. Figure E-6. Intersect
Page 173 and 174:
SUMMARY In summary, the key results
Page 175 and 176:
LIST OF TABLES Table/Page F-1/176.
Page 177 and 178:
SITE SELECTION The City of White Pl
Page 179 and 180:
RESULTS Walking Speeds The walking
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
cross. That is, at an intersection
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Table F-11. Pedestrian WALK and cle
Page 189 and 190:
Table F-13. White Plains, New York:
Page 191 and 192:
APPENDIX G: SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH CA
Page 193 and 194:
BACKGROUND Salt Lake City is Utah
Page 195 and 196:
Figure G-2 displays the type of ped
Page 197 and 198:
Table G-2. Walking speeds for pedes
Page 199 and 200:
Pedestrians with Impairments Pedest
Page 201 and 202:
Older Pedestrians Table G-8 shows t
Page 203 and 204:
EFFECT OF CHANGING WALKING SPEEDS O
Page 205 and 206:
Figure G-3. Delay vs. volumes at ca
Page 207 and 208:
Table G-13. Salt Lake City, Utah in
Page 209 and 210:
APPENDIX H: ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORN
Page 211 and 212:
BACKGROUND Orange County, Californi
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Younger Pedestrians Table H-6 shows
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Figure H-2 shows the overall averag
Page 223 and 224:
Figure H-2. Delay vs. volumes at ca
Page 225 and 226:
Table H-13. Orange County, Californ
Page 227 and 228:
APPENDIX I: MONROE COUNTY, NEW YORK
Page 229 and 230:
COUNTY OF MONROE DEPARTMENT OF TRAN
Page 231 and 232:
APPENDIX J: NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON U
Page 233 and 234:
3. Add a new Guidance statement rec
Page 235 and 236:
Guidance: Where the pedestrian clea
Page 237 and 238:
Fugger, T.F., B.C. Randles, A.C. St
show all

Pedestrian Signal Safety - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?