Pedestrian Signal Safety - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety

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56 statistically significant differences. This table reports statistical differences but does not provide practical differences. Note that although the difference in walking speeds of 0.10 ft./sec. in Minneapolis/St. Paul, practical Minnesota significance. was statistically For a 100-ft. significant crossing, at this 95-percent difference confidence, in walking this speed would result in less difference than 0.5 sec. may of or walking may not time. be of practical significance. For a 100-ft. crossing, this difference in walking speed would result in less than 0.5 sec. • The of study walking results time. indicate that both younger and older persons walked faster or approximately the same at countdown signals as compared to TPS. � The study results indicate that both younger and older persons walk faster Table 5. Combined or approximately results of the mean same walking at countdown speeds for signals younger as compared pedestrians. to TPS. Table 5. Combined results of mean walking speeds for younger pedestrians. Jurisdiction Broward County, Florida Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota Montgomery County, Maryland Orange County, California Traditional (T) Countdown (C) Sample MWS (ft./sec.) Sample MWS (ft./sec.) Difference (T–C) Table Table 6. Combined 6. Combined results results of mean of mean walking walking speeds speeds for older for older pedestrians. pedestrians. Is the difference significant at 95percent confidence ? 193 5.30 248 5.10 0.20 No 293 4.90 434 5.00 -0.10 Yes 354 5.30 340 5.30 0.00 No 454 4.80 248 5.30 -0.50 Yes Salt Lake City, Utah 183 4.90 371 5.30 -0.40 Yes White Plains, New York 472 5.00 562 5.00 0.00 No Jurisdiction Broward County, Florida Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota Montgomery County, Maryland Orange County, California Traditional (T) Countdown (C) Sample Mean (ft./sec.) Sample Mean (ft./sec.) Difference (T–C) Is the difference 61 significant at 95percent confidence ? 125 4.60 136 4.20 0.40 Yes 33 4.00 68 4.30 -0.30 No 121 4.50 143 4.20 0.30 Yes 136 4.20 164 4.80 -0.60 Yes Salt Lake City, Utah 133 4.20 108 4.30 -0.10 No White Plains, New York 110 4.30 160 4.50 -0.20 No 15 th -Percentile Walking Speed The 15 th -percentile walking speed represents the slower pedestrians at the intersection. Table 7 presents the 15 th -percentile speed for each jurisdiction stratified by signal type and pedestrian age. The 15 th -percentile speeds for
15th-Percentile Walking Speed The 15th-percentile walking speed represents the slower pedestrians at the intersection. Table 7 presents the 15th-percentile speed for each jurisdiction stratified by signal type and pedestrian age. The 15th-percentile speeds for younger pedestrians varied from 4.10 ft./sec. to 4.60 ft./sec. at traditional signals and similarly from 4.10 ft./sec. to 4.70 ft./sec. at PCD signals. The 15th-percentile speeds for older pedestrians varied from 3.40 ft./sec. to 3.80 ft./sec. at traditional signals and similarly from 3.40 ft./sec. to 4.00 ft./sec. at PCD signals. Based on the combined approaches in each jurisdiction, a clearance interval that is based upon a walking speed of 4.00 ft./sec. would accommodate the 15th-percentile younger pedestrian. A walking speed of 4.00 ft./sec. would not accommodate the 15th-percentile older pedestrian. A walking speed of 3.50 ft./sec. also would not be sufficient for the 15th-percentile pedestrian in all jurisdictions. A minimum of 3.40 ft./sec. would be needed to accommodate the 15th-percentile walking speed under traditional and PCD signals in all jurisdictions. Table 7. Combined results of 15th-percentile walking speeds. Jurisdiction 15 th -percentile walking speed for younger pedestrians (ft./sec.) 15 th -percentile walking speed for older pedestrians (ft./sec.) Traditional Countdown Traditional Countdown Broward County, Florida 4.40 4.30 3.80 3.40 Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota 4.20 4.40 3.40 3.70 Montgomery County, Maryland 4.60 4.60 3.60 3.50 Orange County, California 4.10 4.70 3.60 4.00 Salt Lake City, Utah 4.30 4.70 3.40 3.50 White Plains, New York 4.20 4.10 3.50 3.60 Range 4.10–4.60 4.10–4.70 3.40–3.80 3.40–4.00 Pedestrians with Impairments. Pedestrians with discernable mobility or visual impairments were recorded separately, regardless of their age. At the six jurisdictions combined, 154 pedestrians with impairments were observed for walking speed during the study periods. Table 8 lists walking speeds categorized by impairments. These data were not stratified by age, jurisdiction, or signal type because of the small sample size. MWS was lowest for pedestrians with mobility impairments such as walking with a limp or cane. MWS averaged across the six jurisdictions was 3.30 ft./sec. for pedestrians with mobility impairments. 57
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Pedestrian Signal Safety for Older
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES Table/Page ES-1/19.
Page 7: LIST OF FIGURES Figure/Page 1/22. E
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF DEFINITIONS Access Board Th
Page 13: FOREWORD ABOUT THE SPONSOR This stu
Page 16 and 17: 16 Mark J. Kulewicz Director-Traffi
Page 18 and 19: 18 LITERATURE REVIEW FINDINGS • O
Page 20 and 21: 20 1. Based on the results observed
Page 22 and 23: 22 Figure 1. Example of a pedestria
Page 25 and 26: METHODS The project objectives were
Page 27 and 28: and 3.40 ft./sec. for pedestrians o
Page 29 and 30: the potential impact of various wal
Page 31 and 32: Pedestrian Start-Up Time Pedestrian
Page 33 and 34: • a PCD signal with both the coun
Page 35 and 36: six crosswalks experienced a signif
Page 37 and 38: where: W = duration of WALK indicat
Page 39 and 40: Gates, Noyce, Bill, and Van Ee expa
Page 41 and 42: Table 3. Summary of empirical data
Page 43 and 44: Table 4. Summary of researcher reco
Page 45 and 46: SITE SELECTION/EFFECT OF DIFFERENT
Page 47 and 48: Walking Speeds The project team mea
Page 49 and 50: RESULTS AGENCY SURVEY FINDINGS Deta
Page 51 and 52: 5 0 . 0 % 4 5 . 0 % 4 0 . 0 % 3 5 .
Page 53 and 54: POSITIVE IMPACTS OF PEDESTRIAN COUN
Page 55: • Give third priority to signaliz
Page 59 and 60: Table 10: Pedestrian signal complia
Page 61 and 62: Table 12. Older pedestrians remaini
Page 63 and 64: The case study intersections in Sal
Page 65 and 66: Five different traffic volume condi
Page 67 and 68: Minneapolis/St.Paul, Minnesota Figu
Page 69 and 70: Figure 10. Delay vs. volumes at Mon
Page 71 and 72: There was no change in overall LOS
Page 73 and 74: Figure 13. Delay vs. volumes at Ora
Page 75 and 76: Pedestrian Understanding and Prefer
Page 77 and 78: the countdown at the end of the FDW
Page 79 and 80: lengths are preferred for pedestria
Page 81 and 82: Table 23. Comparison of the literat
Page 83 and 84: observer was assigned to each inter
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX A WEB-PEDESTRIAN COUNTDOWN
Page 87 and 88: PURPOSE OF SURVEY The purpose of th
Page 89 and 90: d) Plan to use during the next one
Page 91 and 92: Question 22 If you answered “yes
Page 93 and 94: Table A-1. Distribution of responde
Page 95 and 96: Table A-2. Respondent organizations
Page 97 and 98: Figure A-2 shows the distribution o
Page 99 and 100: 6 0 .0 % 5 5 .0 % 5 0 .0 % 4 5 .0 %
Page 101 and 102: Figure A-7. Roadway characteristics
Page 103 and 104: PEDESTRIAN COUNTDOWN SIGNAL START/E
Page 105 and 106: PCD Signal Start/End Times Start of
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3. Seniors and other adults showed
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• No. Countdown timers encourage
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the crossing time remaining? Yes 20
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• None (n = 32) • Motorists spe
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PEDESTRIAN SAFETY FOR OLDER PEDESTR
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APPENDIX C: BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA
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BACKGROUND Broward County is locate
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DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY Pedestr
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For younger pedestrians, the mean w
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Pedestrians Under 65 Table C-6 show
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Pedestrians Left in Intersection At
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Table C-11. Pedestrian WALK and cle
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Figure C-2. Delay vs. volumes at ca
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Table C-13. Broward County, Florida
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APPENDIX D: MINNEAPOLIS/ST. PAUL, M
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BACKGROUND Minneapolis, in southeas
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• Lyndale Avenue and Franklin Ave
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Table D-2. Walking speeds for pedes
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Table D-4. Significance testing of
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Table D-7. Frequency and percentage
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SURVEY RESULTS A total of 150 pedes
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For the major street approaches, LO
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3.50 ft./sec. Figure D-6. Intersect
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SUMMARY In summary, the key results
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LIST OF TABLES Table/Page E-1/156.
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SITE SELECTION Engineering staff fr
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Twenty-two pedestrians with mobilit
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Older Pedestrians Table E-8 shows t
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EFFECT OF CHANGING WALKING SPEEDS O
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As shown in Table E-12, major stree
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3.50 ft./sec. Figure E-6. Intersect
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SUMMARY In summary, the key results
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LIST OF TABLES Table/Page F-1/176.
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SITE SELECTION The City of White Pl
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RESULTS Walking Speeds The walking
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cross. That is, at an intersection
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Table F-11. Pedestrian WALK and cle
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Table F-13. White Plains, New York:
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APPENDIX G: SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH CA
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BACKGROUND Salt Lake City is Utah
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Figure G-2 displays the type of ped
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Table G-2. Walking speeds for pedes
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Pedestrians with Impairments Pedest
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Older Pedestrians Table G-8 shows t
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EFFECT OF CHANGING WALKING SPEEDS O
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Figure G-3. Delay vs. volumes at ca
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Table G-13. Salt Lake City, Utah in
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APPENDIX H: ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORN
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BACKGROUND Orange County, Californi
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Younger Pedestrians Table H-6 shows
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Figure H-2 shows the overall averag
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Figure H-2. Delay vs. volumes at ca
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Table H-13. Orange County, Californ
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APPENDIX I: MONROE COUNTY, NEW YORK
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COUNTY OF MONROE DEPARTMENT OF TRAN
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APPENDIX J: NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON U
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3. Add a new Guidance statement rec
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Guidance: Where the pedestrian clea
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Fugger, T.F., B.C. Randles, A.C. St
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Pedestrian Signal Safety - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety

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