Pedestrian Signal Safety - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety

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74 DISCUSSION SUMMARY OF STUDY FINDINGS Observational Study of Pedestrians Walking Speeds • Older pedestrians walked slightly faster at intersections equipped with pedestrian countdown (PCD) signals at most of the sites in the study. Mean walking speed (MWS) in the six jurisdictions ranged from 3.98 feet/second (ft./sec.) to 4.60 ft./sec. at traditional signals compared to 4.20 to 4.80 ft./sec. at PCD signals. • Younger pedestrians also walked slightly faster at intersections equipped with PCD signals, although comparisons at individual jurisdictions varied. MWS ranged from 4.85 ft./sec. to 5.30 ft./sec. at traditional signals compared to 5.00 to 5.30 ft./sec. at PCD signals. • Walking speeds for older pedestrians were generally slower than for younger pedestrians by about 0.80 ft./sec., although this varied by jurisdiction and type of intersection. Differences in MWS between the two age groups were statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level for both traditional and PCD signals. • Pedestrians with mobility impairments and without wheelchairs had appreciably slower walking speeds—their mean was 3.30 ft./sec. when averaged across all six jurisdictions. • The 15th-percentile speeds for younger pedestrians varied from 4.10 to 4.60 ft./sec. at traditional signals and from 4.10 to 4.70 ft./sec. at PCD signals. • The 15th-percentile speeds for older pedestrians varied from 3.40 to 3.80 ft./sec. at traditional pedestrian signals (TPS) and similarly from 3.40 to 4.00 ft./sec. at PCD signals. Start-Up Times • Older pedestrians had slower start-up times, but this varied by intersection and leg of intersection. The mean start-up times varied from 1.60 sec. to 2.90 sec. for older pedestrians. Signal Compliance • The differences in pedestrian signal compliance at the two signal types were difficult to interpret and may have been a result of other factors at the intersection, such as pedestrian actuation, street width, and availability of gaps. Older pedestrians generally had a higher rate of compliance than their younger counterparts at the same intersections. • As with signal compliance, the differences in the percentage of young pedestrians left in the intersection at the onset of the DON’T WALK (DW) interval for the two signal types varied by jurisdiction. The percentage of older pedestrians left in the intersection was negligible for both signal types.
Pedestrian Understanding and Preference for Countdown Signals • The overwhelming majority of pedestrians who responded to the survey noticed, understood, and preferred the PCD signals, except in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, where pedestrians preferred the traditional signal. However, in Minneapolis/St. Paul, there was some evidence that this difference reflected a perception that the available crossing time was less at the PCD signal based on comments of the interviewed pedestrians. Intersection Operations Impact Analysis The purpose of this analysis was to determine the effects on traffic flow by changing the walking speed of pedestrians from 4.00 ft./sec. to a slower value and, thereby, increasing the pedestrian interval time. The following criteria were developed to relate intersection level of service (LOS) and delay impacts with differential walking speeds: • Insignificant o no change in LOS; and o an increase in vehicular delay greater than 0.0 sec. and less than or equal to 2.0 sec. • Minor o no more than one change in LOS designation (for example, from B to C); and o an increase in vehicular delay greater than 2.0 sec. and less than or equal to 8.0 sec. • Moderate o no more than two change in LOS designation (for example, from B to D); and o an increase in vehicular delay greater than 8.0 sec. and less than or equal to 15.0 sec. • Major o intersection may have a degradation of three or more LOS designations (for example, from B to E); and o an increase in vehicular delay greater than 15.0 sec. Table 22 shows the descriptive effect on the change in vehicular delay for each LOS for walking speeds of 3.50 and 3.00 ft./sec. In general, lowering pedestrian walking speeds to 3.50 ft./sec. or even 3.00 ft./sec. at intersections that operate at LOS A, B, or C would result in insignificant to minor increases in overall vehicular delay at the intersections. However, using a walking speed of 3.50 ft./sec. at intersections that operate at LOS D or E would cause minor to moderate increases to the overall vehicular delay at the intersections. Using a walking speed of 3.00 ft./sec. at intersections that operate at LOS D or E would cause moderate to major increases in vehicular delay at the intersections. 75
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Pedestrian Signal Safety for Older
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LIST OF TABLES Table/Page ES-1/19.
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure/Page 1/22. E
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LIST OF DEFINITIONS Access Board Th
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FOREWORD ABOUT THE SPONSOR This stu
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16 Mark J. Kulewicz Director-Traffi
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18 LITERATURE REVIEW FINDINGS • O
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20 1. Based on the results observed
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22 Figure 1. Example of a pedestria
Page 25 and 26: METHODS The project objectives were
Page 27 and 28: and 3.40 ft./sec. for pedestrians o
Page 29 and 30: the potential impact of various wal
Page 31 and 32: Pedestrian Start-Up Time Pedestrian
Page 33 and 34: • a PCD signal with both the coun
Page 35 and 36: six crosswalks experienced a signif
Page 37 and 38: where: W = duration of WALK indicat
Page 39 and 40: Gates, Noyce, Bill, and Van Ee expa
Page 41 and 42: Table 3. Summary of empirical data
Page 43 and 44: Table 4. Summary of researcher reco
Page 45 and 46: SITE SELECTION/EFFECT OF DIFFERENT
Page 47 and 48: Walking Speeds The project team mea
Page 49 and 50: RESULTS AGENCY SURVEY FINDINGS Deta
Page 51 and 52: 5 0 . 0 % 4 5 . 0 % 4 0 . 0 % 3 5 .
Page 53 and 54: POSITIVE IMPACTS OF PEDESTRIAN COUN
Page 55 and 56: • Give third priority to signaliz
Page 57 and 58: 15th-Percentile Walking Speed The 1
Page 59 and 60: Table 10: Pedestrian signal complia
Page 61 and 62: Table 12. Older pedestrians remaini
Page 63 and 64: The case study intersections in Sal
Page 65 and 66: Five different traffic volume condi
Page 67 and 68: Minneapolis/St.Paul, Minnesota Figu
Page 69 and 70: Figure 10. Delay vs. volumes at Mon
Page 71 and 72: There was no change in overall LOS
Page 73: Figure 13. Delay vs. volumes at Ora
Page 77 and 78: the countdown at the end of the FDW
Page 79 and 80: lengths are preferred for pedestria
Page 81 and 82: Table 23. Comparison of the literat
Page 83 and 84: observer was assigned to each inter
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX A WEB-PEDESTRIAN COUNTDOWN
Page 87 and 88: PURPOSE OF SURVEY The purpose of th
Page 89 and 90: d) Plan to use during the next one
Page 91 and 92: Question 22 If you answered “yes
Page 93 and 94: Table A-1. Distribution of responde
Page 95 and 96: Table A-2. Respondent organizations
Page 97 and 98: Figure A-2 shows the distribution o
Page 99 and 100: 6 0 .0 % 5 5 .0 % 5 0 .0 % 4 5 .0 %
Page 101 and 102: Figure A-7. Roadway characteristics
Page 103 and 104: PEDESTRIAN COUNTDOWN SIGNAL START/E
Page 105 and 106: PCD Signal Start/End Times Start of
Page 107 and 108: 3. Seniors and other adults showed
Page 109 and 110: • No. Countdown timers encourage
Page 111 and 112: the crossing time remaining? Yes 20
Page 113 and 114: • None (n = 32) • Motorists spe
Page 115 and 116: PEDESTRIAN SAFETY FOR OLDER PEDESTR
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX C: BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA
Page 119 and 120: BACKGROUND Broward County is locate
Page 121 and 122: DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY Pedestr
Page 123 and 124: For younger pedestrians, the mean w
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Pedestrians Under 65 Table C-6 show
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Pedestrians Left in Intersection At
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Table C-11. Pedestrian WALK and cle
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Figure C-2. Delay vs. volumes at ca
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Table C-13. Broward County, Florida
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APPENDIX D: MINNEAPOLIS/ST. PAUL, M
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BACKGROUND Minneapolis, in southeas
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• Lyndale Avenue and Franklin Ave
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Table D-2. Walking speeds for pedes
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Table D-4. Significance testing of
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Table D-7. Frequency and percentage
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SURVEY RESULTS A total of 150 pedes
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For the major street approaches, LO
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3.50 ft./sec. Figure D-6. Intersect
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SUMMARY In summary, the key results
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LIST OF TABLES Table/Page E-1/156.
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SITE SELECTION Engineering staff fr
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DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY Pedestr
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For younger pedestrians, the mean w
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Twenty-two pedestrians with mobilit
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Older Pedestrians Table E-8 shows t
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EFFECT OF CHANGING WALKING SPEEDS O
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As shown in Table E-12, major stree
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3.50 ft./sec. Figure E-6. Intersect
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SUMMARY In summary, the key results
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LIST OF TABLES Table/Page F-1/176.
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SITE SELECTION The City of White Pl
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RESULTS Walking Speeds The walking
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cross. That is, at an intersection
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Table F-11. Pedestrian WALK and cle
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Table F-13. White Plains, New York:
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APPENDIX G: SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH CA
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BACKGROUND Salt Lake City is Utah
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Figure G-2 displays the type of ped
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Table G-2. Walking speeds for pedes
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Pedestrians with Impairments Pedest
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Older Pedestrians Table G-8 shows t
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EFFECT OF CHANGING WALKING SPEEDS O
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Figure G-3. Delay vs. volumes at ca
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Table G-13. Salt Lake City, Utah in
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APPENDIX H: ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORN
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BACKGROUND Orange County, Californi
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DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY Pedestr
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Younger Pedestrians Table H-6 shows
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Figure H-2 shows the overall averag
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Figure H-2. Delay vs. volumes at ca
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Table H-13. Orange County, Californ
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APPENDIX I: MONROE COUNTY, NEW YORK
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COUNTY OF MONROE DEPARTMENT OF TRAN
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APPENDIX J: NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON U
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3. Add a new Guidance statement rec
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Guidance: Where the pedestrian clea
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Fugger, T.F., B.C. Randles, A.C. St
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Pedestrian Signal Safety - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety

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