IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC ...

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Table 5. Mutations in oncogenes found in rodents treated in vivo with aristolochic acids (AA) Species Treatment Incidence and type of tumours Male Wistar rats Female NMRI mice 10 mg/kg bw AAI given daily by gavage to 8-week-old rats 5 times a week for 3 months. Rats were killed over a 15-week period after treatment 5 mg/kg bw AA mixture, by gavage, daily for 3 weeks (80% AAI, 20% AAII). Animals killed after 56 weeks 15/40 forestomach tumours (SCC), 7/40 ear duct tumours (SCC), 23/40 adenocarcinomas or sarcomas of the small intestine, 2/40 metastases of SCC in lung and pancreas SCC of the forestomach, adenocarcinoma of the lung Method of analysis No. of mutated genes/no. of tumours analysed DNA isolated from 5 excised forestomach tumours was transfected into NIH 3T3 cells which induced tumours in nude mice. c-Haras fragments were amplified by PCR of DNA from nude mouse tumours and analysed by sequencing. DNA extracted from rat tumours was amplified by PCR for regions of c-Ha-ras, c-Ki-ras and c-N-ras gene and analysed by selective oligonucleotide hybridization with probes carrying different ras base-pair substitutions. DNA extracted from histologically normal and neoplastic tissue in paraffin sections, c-Ha-ras fragments around codon 61 amplified by PCR and analysed by oligonucleotide hybridization with probes carrying different c-Ha-ras base-pair substitutions 7/7 ear duct tumours 14/14 forestomach tumours 1/8 tumours of the small intestine 1/1 metastasis in the pancreas 1/1 metastasis in the lung 1/1 forestomach tumour 1/3 lung tumours Details of mutations Gene, codon Base change Reference c-Ha-ras, 61 c-Ki-ras, 61 c-Ha-ras, 61 c-Ki-ras, 61 c-N-ras, 61 CAA → CTA (7/7) CAA → CAT (1/7) CAA → CTA (14/14) CAA → CTA (1/8) CAA → CTA Schmeiser et al. (1990) c-Ha-ras, 61 CAA → CTA c-Ha-ras, 61 CAA → CTA (2/4) Schmeiser et al. (1991) SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES 103
Table 5 (contd) Species Treatment Incidence and ype of tumours Male Wistar rats 10 mg/kg bw AAI given daily by gavage to 8-week-old rats, 5 times a week for 3 months. Rats were killed over a 15-week period after treatment SCC of the forestomach and pancreas Method of analysis No. of mutated genes/no. of tumours analysed DNA extracted from histologically normal and neoplastic tissue in paraffin sections, c-Ha-ras fragments around codon 61 amplified by PCR and analysed by oligonucleotide hybridization with probes carrying different c-Ha-ras base-pair substitutions 2/2 forestomach tumours 0/1 pancreas tumour Details of mutations SCC, squamous-cell carcinoma; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; AA, aristolochic acid; AAI, aristolochic acid I; AAII, aristolochic acid II Gene, codon Base change Reference c-Ha-ras, 61 CAA → CTA (2/3) Schmeiser et al. (1991) 104 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATI
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IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the Intern
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iv IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.2 Th
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vi IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 SOME M
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IARC WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATIO
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PARTICIPANTS 5 Observer, representi
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PREAMBLE
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10 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 plasms
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12 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 collec
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14 agents present. For processes, i
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16 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Finall
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18 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and mi
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20 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (c) St
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22 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 may le
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24 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 It is
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26 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Data r
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28 when there is strong evidence th
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30 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Vol. 7
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GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES
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44 which may include, for example,
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46 2. Use of Traditional Herbal Med
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48 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 decade
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50 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
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Page 101 and 102: 94 lochic acids enhanced immune res
Page 103 and 104: 96 4.4 Genetic and related effects
Page 105 and 106: Table 3 (contd) Details of study DN
Page 107 and 108: Table 4. DNA adduct formation with
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Page 113 and 114: Table 6. DNA adduct formation by ar
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Page 119 and 120: Table 7. Polymerase action on arist
Page 121 and 122: Table 8 (contd) Test system Drosoph
Page 123 and 124: 116 of the forestomach and lung of
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Page 137 and 138: 130 Figure 1. Morinda officinalis H
Page 139 and 140: 132 1.3.2 Morinda officinalis A num
Page 141 and 142: 134 by Soxhlet extraction with ethy
Page 143 and 144: 136 2.1 Case-control studies 2.1.1
Page 145 and 146: 138 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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Page 149 and 150: 142 4.3 Reproductive and developmen
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Page 153 and 154: 146 5.1 Exposure data 5. Summary of
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Page 157 and 158: 150 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nusko
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D. SENECIO SPECIES AND RIDDELLIINE
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metry (Witte et al., 1992). Thin-la
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sex were killed after a seven-week
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4.2.2 Experimental systems SOME TRA
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Table 1. Genetic and related effect
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Riddelliine induced unscheduled DNA
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5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data In
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES 1
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SOME MYCOTOXINS
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172 Aflatoxin G 1 IARC MONOGRAPHS V
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Table 2 (contd) Method no. Aflatoxi
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178 indicates that A. flavus and A.
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Table 4. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1
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182 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 aflat
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Table 6. Co-occurrence of aflatoxin
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186 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figur
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188 1.4 International exposure esti
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190 (c) Impact of establishing maxi
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192 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 used
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Table 10 (contd) Reference Area Uni
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198 were collapsed into a conventio
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Table 11 (contd) Reference Area Stu
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202 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 histo
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204 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 resid
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Table 12. Summary of principal case
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208 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 disea
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210 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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212 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 diet
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214 3.4 Administration with known c
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216 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The 8
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218 observed in rat liver slices, a
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222 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 an α
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224 (mainly hepatocellular carcinom
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226 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 but i
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228 lordosis and reduction in conce
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232 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 sampl
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234 In eight subjects (four from Ho
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Table 16 (contd) Test system Result
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240 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 anima
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242 difference between the two stud
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244 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 HBV-t
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246 In a large cohort study in Shan
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248 experimental data in showing th
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250 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ander
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252 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Buetl
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254 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Denis
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256 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Galla
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258 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Heino
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260 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jalon
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262 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Kirk,
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264 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lunn,
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266 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Olubu
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268 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Roll,
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270 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Stett
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272 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Verge
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274 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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Table 1. IARC evaluations Previous
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278 kernels and in less than 0.1% o
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280 2.5.3 Cottonseed A. flavus is a
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294 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 8. Re
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296 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Guo,
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298 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Marti
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300 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Sharm
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302 (d ) Solubility: Soluble in wat
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304 1.4 Occurrence Fumonisins have
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306 Table 1 (contd) IARC MONOGRAPHS
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308 (c) Formation in commodities ot
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312 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.1 O
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314 3.2.2 Rat IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUM
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316 with NDEA and fumonisin B 1, wh
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318 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 In pi
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Figure 2. Allometric relationship b
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322 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 obser
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324 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hepat
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326 4.2.3 Related studies IARC MONO
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328 4.3.2 Experimental systems IARC
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330 and litters on postnatal day 21
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Table 4. Genetic and related effect
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334 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The f
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336 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (d )
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338 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 treat
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340 4.5.2 Interference with fatty a
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344 5.2 Human carcinogenicity data
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346 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alber
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348 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chamb
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350 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Floss
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352 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hiroo
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354 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lee,
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356 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Mobio
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358 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Prelu
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360 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Savar
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362 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Steve
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364 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Flett
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366 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yu, C
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368 disulfide, carbon tetrachloride
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Table 1 (contd) Sample matrix Sampl
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Table 3. Naphthalene production (th
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374 1.4 Occurrence 1.4.1 Natural oc
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Table 5. Occupational exposure to n
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378 water assuming a water concentr
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380 (Scheepers & Bos, 1992). The av
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382 (d ) Biodegradation Studies on
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386 3.2 Inhalation exposure 3.2.1 M
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388 3.3.2 Rat Ten BD I and BD III r
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways o
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392 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and t
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394 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and 1
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396 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 1-240
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398 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Perfu
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400 Siegel and Wason (1986) reviewe
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402 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 liver
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404 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 to id
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406 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alkal
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408 hyperplasia, atrophy, chronic i
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410 had deficient glucose-6-phospha
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Table 10. Genetic and related effec
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Table 10 (contd) Test system Micron
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416 assay with or without metabolic
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418 There is some evidence of devel
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420 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Bjør
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422 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Conkl
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424 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Envir
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426 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ho, C
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428 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lynch
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430 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 O’B
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432 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schee
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434 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Versc
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STYRENE This substance was consider
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EPA Method 8260B can be used to det
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Styrene is produced mainly by catal
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STYRENE 443 Table 3. Use patterns f
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STYRENE 445 most samples taken from
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STYRENE 447 successive layers of ch
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Table 4 (contd) Country and year of
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Table 5. Biological monitoring of o
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STYRENE 453 Since 1990, the long-te
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same products resulted in exposures
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STYRENE 457 Ambient air monitoring
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200 μg/kg, although 77% of the foo
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Table 8 (contd) Country or region Y
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2.1 Case reports 2. Studies of Canc
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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STYRENE 469 (95% CI, 1.4-5.2; 10 de
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who had been employed in 1964-70 (t
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elationship for styrene became nega
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atio, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.1-17 in multip
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controls versus 32/32 treated). No
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3.4 Intraperitoneal administration
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways f
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STYRENE 483 a maximum and averaged
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(b) Distribution STYRENE 485 An ear
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STYRENE 487 rats with phenobarbital
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STYRENE 489 gavage (100-350 mg/kg b
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CYP2E1 and CYP2F2) inhibited nasal
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model indicated that absorbed styre
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female workers in the glass fibre-r
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STYRENE 497 continuously for seven
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STYRENE 499 exposure concentrations
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STYRENE 501 The frequency of sponta
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STYRENE 503 groups. Only minor gene
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concentrations of styrene in air we
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Table 12. Cytogenetic studies in ly
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Table 13. Genetic and related effec
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(b) Experimental systems (see Table
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Table 14 (contd) Test system Result
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STYRENE 515 styrene 7,8-oxide. Joha
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Styrene 7,8-oxide can bind to DNA w
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STYRENE 519 a small and non-signifi
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STYRENE 521 and immune systems, liv
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STYRENE 523 Artuso, M., Angotzi, G.
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STYRENE 525 Brugnone, F., Perbellin
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STYRENE 527 Coccini, T., Maestri, L
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STYRENE 529 Edling, C., Anundi, H.,
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STYRENE 531 Gobba, F., Galassi, C.,
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STYRENE 533 Horvath, E., Pongracz,
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STYRENE 535 logical Study and the I
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STYRENE 537 Linhart, I., Gut, I.,
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STYRENE 539 Miller, S.L., Branoff,
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STYRENE 541 Newhook, R. & Caldwell,
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STYRENE 543 Pryor, G.T., Rebert, C.
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STYRENE 545 Sielken, R.L. & Valdez-
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STYRENE 547 Tsuda, S., Matsusaka, N
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STYRENE 549 Boffetta, P. (1996b) Ex
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Agent SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
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554 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 DGAL:
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556 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 PMTDI
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558 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Aldri
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560 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Benz[
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562 β-Butyrolactone 11, 225 (1976)
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564 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chlor
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566 Cyproterone acetate 72, 49 (199
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568 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Diepo
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570 Ethionamide 13, 83 (1977); Supp
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572 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Haema
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574 L Lasiocarpine 10, 281 (1976);
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576 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Methy
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578 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nicke
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580 O Ochratoxin A 10, 191 (1976);
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582 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Polyb
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584 Rhodamine 6G 16, 233 (1978); Su
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586 Sulfafurazole 24, 275 (1980); S
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588 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 20, 515 (
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590 Y Yellow AB 8, 279 (1975); Supp
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Volume 31 Some Food Additives, Feed
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