IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC ...

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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES 167 Molyneux, R.J., Johnson, A.E., Olsen, J.D. & Baker, D.C. (1991) Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Riddell groundsel (Senecio riddellii) to cattle. Am. J. vet. Res., 52, 146–151 National Toxicology Program (1993) NTP Technical Report on Toxicity Studies of Riddelliine (CAS No. 23246-96-0) Administered by Gavage to F344/N Rats and B6C3F 1 Mice (Toxicity Report Series No. 27; NIH Publication No. 94-3350). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC National Toxicology Program (2002) NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Riddelliine (CAS No. 23246-96-0) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F 1 Mice (Gavage Studies) (NTP TR-508; NIH Publication No. 01-4442), Research Triangle Park, NC Ord, M.J., Herbert, A. & Mattocks, A.R. (1985) The ability of bifunctional and monofunctional pyrrole compounds to induce sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) in human lymphocytes and mutations in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res., 149, 485–493 Reed, R.L., Ahern, K.G., Pearson, G.D. & Buhler, D.R. (1988) Crosslinking of DNA by dehydroretronecine, a metabolite of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Carcinogenesis, 9, 1355–1361 Robertson, K.A. (1982) Alkylation of N 2 in deoxyguanosine by dehydroretronecine, a carcinogenic metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline. Cancer Res., 42, 8–14 Röder, E. (2002) Medicinal Plants in Europe Containing Pyrrolizidine Alcaloids in King’s American Dispensatory [http://ftp. ort.unc.edu/herbmed/PAs/PAs–plants.html] Schoch, T.K., Gardner, D.R. & Stegelmeier, B.L. (2000) GC/MS/MS detection of pyrrolic metabolites in animals poisoned with the pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelliine. J. nat. Toxins, 9, 197–206 Segall, H.J. & Molyneux, R.J. (1978) Identification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senecio longilobus). Res. Commun. chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 19, 545–548 Sener, B., Temizer, H., Temizer, A. & Karakaya, A.E. (1986) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of alkaloids in Senecio vernalis. J. Pharm. belg., 41, 115–117 Stillman, A.E., Huxtable, R.J., Fox, D., Hart, M. & Bergeson, P. (1977a) Pyrrolizidine (Senecio) poisoning in Arizona: Severe liver damage due to herbal teas. Ariz. Med., 34, 545–546 Stillman, A.E., Huxtable, R., Consroe, P., Kohnen, P. & Smith, S. (1977b) Hepatic veno-occlusive disease due to pyrrolizidine (Senecio) poisoning in Arizona. Gastroenterology, 73, 349–352 WHO (1988) Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (Environmental Health Criteria 80), Geneva, International Programme on Chemical Safety WHO (1998) Medicinal Plants in the Republic of Korea. WHO Regional Publications, Western Pacific Series No. 21, Manila Witt, K.L., Knapton, A., Wehr, C.M., Hook, G.J., Mirsalis, J., Shelby, M.D. & MacGregor, J.T. (2000) Micronucleated erythrocyte frequency in peripheral blood of B6C3F 1 mice from short-term, prechronic, and chronic studies of the NTP Carcinogenesis Bioassay Program. Environ. mol. Mutag., 36, 163–194 Witte, L., Rubiolo, P., Bicchi, C. & Hartmann, T. (1992) Comparative analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from natural sources by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry, 32, 187–196 Yang, Y.-C., Yan, J., Doerge, D.R., Chan, P.-C., Fu, P.P. & Chou, M.W. (2001a) Metabolic activation of the tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, riddelliine, leading to DNA adduct formation in vivo. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 14, 101–109
168 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang, Y.-C., Yan, J., Churchwell, M., Beger, R., Chan, P.-C., Doerge, D.R., Fu, P.P. & Chou, M.W. (2001b) Development of a 32 P-postlabeling/HPLC method for detection of dehydroretronecine-derived DNA adducts in vivo and in vitro. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 14, 91–100 Zeiger, E., Anderson, B., Haworth, S., Lawlor, T. & Mortelmans, K. (1988) Salmonella mutagenicity tests: IV. Results from the testing of 300 chemicals. Environ. mol. Mutag., 11, 1–158
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATI
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IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the Intern
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iv IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.2 Th
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vi IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 SOME M
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IARC WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATIO
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PARTICIPANTS 5 Observer, representi
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PREAMBLE
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10 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 plasms
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12 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 collec
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14 agents present. For processes, i
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16 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Finall
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18 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and mi
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20 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (c) St
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22 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 may le
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24 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 It is
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26 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Data r
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28 when there is strong evidence th
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30 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Vol. 7
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GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES
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44 which may include, for example,
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46 2. Use of Traditional Herbal Med
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48 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 decade
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50 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
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52 3.2.1 Definition of herbal medic
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54 3.2.8 Individual supply Herbal m
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58 3.3.2 Germany (see Kraft, 1999;
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60 beyond placebo, and this informa
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62 3.3.5 Canada The Canadian Food a
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64 of adverse reactions to OTC drug
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66 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.3.12
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68 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jellin
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70 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Simila
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72 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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74 diameter of 4-6 cm or more, lobe
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76 1.2 Use 1.2.1 Aristolochia conto
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78 1.3.3 Aristolochia fangchi Compo
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80 1.6.2 Structural and molecular f
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82 chromatographic separation with
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84 may contain aristolochic acids.
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86 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 A bila
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88 received distilled water. The an
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90 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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92 varied from undetectable (< 0.02
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94 lochic acids enhanced immune res
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96 4.4 Genetic and related effects
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Table 3 (contd) Details of study DN
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Table 4. DNA adduct formation with
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Table 4 (contd) Details of study Co
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Table 5 (contd) Species Treatment I
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Table 6. DNA adduct formation by ar
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 7. Polymerase action on arist
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Table 8 (contd) Test system Drosoph
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Page 137 and 138: 130 Figure 1. Morinda officinalis H
Page 139 and 140: 132 1.3.2 Morinda officinalis A num
Page 141 and 142: 134 by Soxhlet extraction with ethy
Page 143 and 144: 136 2.1 Case-control studies 2.1.1
Page 145 and 146: 138 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
Page 147 and 148: 140 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylan
Page 149 and 150: 142 4.3 Reproductive and developmen
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Page 153 and 154: 146 5.1 Exposure data 5. Summary of
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Page 160 and 161: D. SENECIO SPECIES AND RIDDELLIINE
Page 162 and 163: metry (Witte et al., 1992). Thin-la
Page 164 and 165: sex were killed after a seven-week
Page 166 and 167: 4.2.2 Experimental systems SOME TRA
Page 168 and 169: Table 1. Genetic and related effect
Page 170 and 171: Riddelliine induced unscheduled DNA
Page 172 and 173: 5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data In
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Page 179 and 180: 172 Aflatoxin G 1 IARC MONOGRAPHS V
Page 181 and 182: 174 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
Page 183 and 184: Table 2 (contd) Method no. Aflatoxi
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Page 187 and 188: Table 4. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1
Page 189 and 190: 182 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 aflat
Page 191 and 192: Table 6. Co-occurrence of aflatoxin
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Page 195 and 196: 188 1.4 International exposure esti
Page 197 and 198: 190 (c) Impact of establishing maxi
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Page 201 and 202: 194 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 aflat
Page 203 and 204: Table 10 (contd) Reference Area Uni
Page 205 and 206: 198 were collapsed into a conventio
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Page 209 and 210: 202 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 histo
Page 211 and 212: 204 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 resid
Page 213 and 214: Table 12. Summary of principal case
Page 215 and 216: 208 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 disea
Page 217 and 218: 210 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
Page 219 and 220: 212 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 diet
Page 221 and 222: 214 3.4 Administration with known c
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218 observed in rat liver slices, a
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220 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figur
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222 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 an α
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224 (mainly hepatocellular carcinom
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226 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 but i
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228 lordosis and reduction in conce
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232 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 sampl
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234 In eight subjects (four from Ho
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Table 16 (contd) Test system Result
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238 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 aflat
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240 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 anima
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242 difference between the two stud
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244 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 HBV-t
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246 In a large cohort study in Shan
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248 experimental data in showing th
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250 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ander
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252 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Buetl
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254 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Denis
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256 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Galla
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258 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Heino
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260 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jalon
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262 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Kirk,
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264 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lunn,
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266 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Olubu
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268 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Roll,
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270 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Stett
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272 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Verge
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274 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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Table 1. IARC evaluations Previous
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278 kernels and in less than 0.1% o
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280 2.5.3 Cottonseed A. flavus is a
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294 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 8. Re
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296 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Guo,
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298 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Marti
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300 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Sharm
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302 (d ) Solubility: Soluble in wat
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304 1.4 Occurrence Fumonisins have
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306 Table 1 (contd) IARC MONOGRAPHS
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308 (c) Formation in commodities ot
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312 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.1 O
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314 3.2.2 Rat IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUM
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316 with NDEA and fumonisin B 1, wh
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318 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 In pi
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Figure 2. Allometric relationship b
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322 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 obser
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324 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hepat
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326 4.2.3 Related studies IARC MONO
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328 4.3.2 Experimental systems IARC
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330 and litters on postnatal day 21
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Table 4. Genetic and related effect
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334 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The f
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336 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (d )
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338 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 treat
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340 4.5.2 Interference with fatty a
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344 5.2 Human carcinogenicity data
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346 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alber
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348 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chamb
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350 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Floss
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352 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hiroo
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354 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lee,
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356 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Mobio
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358 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Prelu
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360 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Savar
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362 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Steve
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364 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Flett
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366 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yu, C
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368 disulfide, carbon tetrachloride
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Table 1 (contd) Sample matrix Sampl
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Table 3. Naphthalene production (th
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374 1.4 Occurrence 1.4.1 Natural oc
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Table 5. Occupational exposure to n
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378 water assuming a water concentr
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380 (Scheepers & Bos, 1992). The av
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382 (d ) Biodegradation Studies on
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386 3.2 Inhalation exposure 3.2.1 M
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388 3.3.2 Rat Ten BD I and BD III r
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways o
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392 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and t
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394 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and 1
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396 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 1-240
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398 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Perfu
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400 Siegel and Wason (1986) reviewe
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402 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 liver
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404 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 to id
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406 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alkal
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408 hyperplasia, atrophy, chronic i
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410 had deficient glucose-6-phospha
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Table 10. Genetic and related effec
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Table 10 (contd) Test system Micron
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416 assay with or without metabolic
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418 There is some evidence of devel
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420 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Bjør
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422 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Conkl
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424 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Envir
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426 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ho, C
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428 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lynch
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430 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 O’B
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432 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schee
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434 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Versc
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STYRENE This substance was consider
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EPA Method 8260B can be used to det
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Styrene is produced mainly by catal
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STYRENE 443 Table 3. Use patterns f
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STYRENE 445 most samples taken from
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STYRENE 447 successive layers of ch
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Table 4 (contd) Country and year of
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Table 5. Biological monitoring of o
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STYRENE 453 Since 1990, the long-te
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same products resulted in exposures
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STYRENE 457 Ambient air monitoring
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200 μg/kg, although 77% of the foo
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Table 8 (contd) Country or region Y
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2.1 Case reports 2. Studies of Canc
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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STYRENE 469 (95% CI, 1.4-5.2; 10 de
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who had been employed in 1964-70 (t
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elationship for styrene became nega
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atio, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.1-17 in multip
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controls versus 32/32 treated). No
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3.4 Intraperitoneal administration
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways f
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STYRENE 483 a maximum and averaged
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(b) Distribution STYRENE 485 An ear
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STYRENE 487 rats with phenobarbital
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STYRENE 489 gavage (100-350 mg/kg b
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CYP2E1 and CYP2F2) inhibited nasal
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model indicated that absorbed styre
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female workers in the glass fibre-r
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STYRENE 497 continuously for seven
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STYRENE 499 exposure concentrations
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STYRENE 501 The frequency of sponta
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STYRENE 503 groups. Only minor gene
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concentrations of styrene in air we
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Table 12. Cytogenetic studies in ly
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Table 13. Genetic and related effec
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(b) Experimental systems (see Table
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Table 14 (contd) Test system Result
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STYRENE 515 styrene 7,8-oxide. Joha
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Styrene 7,8-oxide can bind to DNA w
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STYRENE 519 a small and non-signifi
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STYRENE 521 and immune systems, liv
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STYRENE 523 Artuso, M., Angotzi, G.
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STYRENE 525 Brugnone, F., Perbellin
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STYRENE 527 Coccini, T., Maestri, L
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STYRENE 529 Edling, C., Anundi, H.,
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STYRENE 531 Gobba, F., Galassi, C.,
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STYRENE 533 Horvath, E., Pongracz,
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STYRENE 535 logical Study and the I
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STYRENE 537 Linhart, I., Gut, I.,
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STYRENE 539 Miller, S.L., Branoff,
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STYRENE 541 Newhook, R. & Caldwell,
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STYRENE 543 Pryor, G.T., Rebert, C.
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STYRENE 545 Sielken, R.L. & Valdez-
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STYRENE 547 Tsuda, S., Matsusaka, N
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STYRENE 549 Boffetta, P. (1996b) Ex
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Agent SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
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554 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 DGAL:
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556 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 PMTDI
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558 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Aldri
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560 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Benz[
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562 β-Butyrolactone 11, 225 (1976)
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564 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chlor
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566 Cyproterone acetate 72, 49 (199
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568 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Diepo
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570 Ethionamide 13, 83 (1977); Supp
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572 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Haema
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574 L Lasiocarpine 10, 281 (1976);
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576 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Methy
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578 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nicke
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580 O Ochratoxin A 10, 191 (1976);
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582 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Polyb
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584 Rhodamine 6G 16, 233 (1978); Su
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586 Sulfafurazole 24, 275 (1980); S
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588 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 20, 515 (
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590 Y Yellow AB 8, 279 (1975); Supp
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Volume 31 Some Food Additives, Feed
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