IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC ...

Table 10 (contd)
Reference Area Units of
observation/
number of units
Autrup et al.
(1987)
Peers et al.
(1987)
Campbell et al.
(1990)
Van Rensburg
et al. (1990)
Kenya Districts of Kenya;
9
Swaziland Topographic (4)
and administrative
regions (10)
China 48 widely
scattered counties
– out of a total of
2392 in China
South
Africa
Districts of the
Transkei; 4
Exposure measure(s) Outcome measure(s) Covariate Results Comments
Urinary 8,9-dihydro-8-(7guanyl)-9-hydroxy-AFB1
as ascertained in surveys
at outpatient clinics in the
9 districts (total sample,
983); 1981–84
Aflatoxins measured in
food samples from
households and crop
samples from fields; over
2500 samples analysed;
1982–83
Mean urinary aflatoxin
metabolites, serum
HBsAg and 3-day dietary
intake, based on local
sample surveys in 1983
AFB1 contamination of
local food samples, based
on over 600 samples;
1976–77
Primary hepatocellular
carcinoma (PHC)
incidence diagnosed at
one large hospital in
Nairobi; 1978–82
Incidence rates of PLC;
1979–83
PLC mortality rates;
1973–75
PLC incidence in
residents and in goldminers
HBsAg and
anti-HBc
HBsAg and
other markers
of HBV
infection in
3047 serum
samples from
the Swaziland
blood bank
HBsAg (50
individuals per
country),
alcohol, some
others
Spearman rank correlation
(r) with PHC rate
Prevalence of AFB1 0.75
HBV 0.19
Significant correlation
between estimated aflatoxin
(and AFB1) consumption
and PLC; little effect of
HBsAg on PLC
Urinary aflatoxin and PLC
(r = –0.17)
Nil Rank order correlations
between AFB1 intake and
PLC incidence in
goldminers from the
Transkei were significant at
p < 0.05.
Potential confounding by
ethnicity. No interaction
between AFB1 and HBV
Positive associations
between liver cancer and
HBsAg (r = 0.45), liquor
intake (r = 0.46), dietary
cadmium (r = 0.40), plasma
cholesterol (r = 0.42).
Exposure data post-dated
cancer data
196
IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82