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IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC ...

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Table 11. Summary of the principal cohort and nested case–control studies on liver cancer and aflatoxins<br />

Reference Area Study base Type of analysis Exposure measures Outcome<br />

measures<br />

Hayes<br />

et al.<br />

(1984)<br />

Yeh et al.<br />

(1985)<br />

Olsen<br />

et al.<br />

(1988)<br />

Yeh et al.<br />

(1989)<br />

Netherlands 71 male oil-press<br />

workers exposed to<br />

dust containing<br />

aflatoxin<br />

China Selected villages in<br />

Fusui county, Guangxi<br />

Denmark Male employees of 241<br />

livestock feed<br />

companies, employed<br />

after 1964<br />

China Five communities of<br />

southern Guangxi<br />

Province, men enrolled<br />

in 1982–83; n > 7917<br />

Cohort – SMR<br />

comparisons with<br />

Dutch males<br />

Cohort (ecological<br />

exposure)<br />

Worked > 2 years in<br />

exposed area during<br />

1961–70<br />

Village mean for<br />

intake of aflatoxin<br />

based on food<br />

samples. ∼10-fold<br />

difference between<br />

low and high<br />

contamination areas<br />

Cohort SPIR Longest-held job<br />

(> 1964) in one of<br />

241 companies<br />

Cohort – PHC<br />

mortality rates in<br />

different categories of<br />

estimated mean AFB1<br />

consumption<br />

Mean AFB1 level of<br />

community of<br />

residence, as<br />

estimated from food<br />

samples collected<br />

from all over the<br />

region; 1978–84<br />

Cancer<br />

mortality<br />

Liver cancer<br />

mortality<br />

Liver cancer<br />

incidence<br />

traced in<br />

Danish Cancer<br />

Registry;<br />

1970–84<br />

Mortality from<br />

PHC based on<br />

follow-up<br />

1984–86<br />

Covariate Results Comments<br />

– Cases SMR 95% CI<br />

HBsAg<br />

measured<br />

among cases<br />

HBsAg in cases<br />

and subcohort<br />

Lung cancer 7 2.5 1.0–5.0<br />

Liver cancer 0 0 NA<br />

Aflatoxin HBsAg HCC deaths______<br />

contami- status No. Rate per<br />

nation 1000 p–yr<br />

__________________________________<br />

Heavy Positive 13 649<br />

Negative 2 99<br />

Light Positive 1 66<br />

Negative 0 0<br />

Longest<br />

employment<br />

Cases SPIR 95% CI<br />

_________________________________<br />

Ever 6 1.4 0.57–2.9<br />

≥ 10 yrs<br />

before<br />

diagnosis<br />

7 2.5 1.1–4.9<br />

Strong correlation between PHC mortality<br />

and estimated levels of AFB1<br />

in 4 communities; aflatoxin levels not<br />

available in one community (Pearson<br />

correlation coefficient, 1.00; p = 0.004)<br />

Incomplete study<br />

description [unit<br />

presumed to be:<br />

per 1000 p–yr]<br />

Confounding by HBV<br />

and alcohol unlikely<br />

Strong association<br />

observed between<br />

HBsAg and PHC<br />

mortality in cohort and<br />

nested case–control<br />

analysis (RR = 32);<br />

not seen in the<br />

ecological analysis<br />

(r = 0.28; p = 0.65)<br />

AFLATOXINS 199

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