IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC ...

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STYRENE 535 logical Study and the Industrial Hygiene Investigation (IARC internal Technical Report 94/002), Lyon, IARC Kohn, J., Minotti, S. & Durham, H. (1995) Assessment of the neurotoxicity of styrene, styrene oxide, and styrene glycol in primary cultures of motor and sensory neurons. Toxicol. Lett., 75, 29–37 Kolstad, H.A., Lynge, E. & Olsen, J. (1993) Cancer incidence in the Danish reinforced plastics industry. In: Sorsa, M., Peltonen, K., Vainio, H. & Hemminki, K., eds, Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards (IARC Scientific Publications No. 127), Lyon, IARCPress, pp. 301–308 Kolstad, H.A., Lynge, E., Olsen, J. & Breum, N. (1994) Incidence of lymphohematopoietic malignancies among styrene-exposed workers of the reinforced plastics industry. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 20, 272–278 Kolstad, H.A., Juel, K., Olsen, J. & Lynge, E. (1995) Exposure to styrene and chronic health effects: Mortality and incidence of solid cancers in the Danish reinforced plastics industry. Occup. environ. Med., 52, 320–327 Kolstad, H.A., Bonde, J.P., Spano, M., Giwercman, A., Zschiesche, W., Kaae, D., Larsen, S.B. & Roeleveld, N. (1999) Change in semen quality and sperm chromatin structure following occupational styrene exposure. Int. Arch. occup. environ. Health, 72, 135–141 Kolstad, H.A., Bisanti, L., Roeleveld, N., Baldi, R., Bonde, J.P. & Joffe, M. (2000) Time to pregnancy among male workers of the reinforced plastics industry in Denmark, Italy and The Netherlands. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health, 26, 353–358 Korn, M., Wodarz, R., Schoknecht, W., Weichardt, H.. & Bayer, E. (1984) Styrene metabolism in man: Gas chromatographic separation of mandelic acid enantiomers in the urine of exposed persons. Arch. Toxicol., 55, 59–63 Korn, M., Gfrörer, W., Filser, J.G. & Kessler, W. (1994) Styrene-7,8-oxide in blood of workers exposed to styrene. Arch. Toxicol., 68, 524–527 Koskinen, M., Vodicka, P. & Hemminki, K. (2000) Adenine N3 is a main alkylation site of styrene oxide in double-stranded DNA. Chem.-biol. Interact., 124, 13–27 Kronoveter, K.J. & Boiano, J.M. (1984a) Health Hazard Evaluation Report, Charlie’s Taxidermy and Gifts, Fleetwood, PA (Report No. 83-276-1499), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Kronoveter, K.J. & Boiano, J.M. (1984b) Health Hazard Evaluation Report, Pennsylvania Institute of Taxidermy, Ebensburg, PA (Report No. 84-322-1502), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Kulig, B.M. (1989) The neurobehavioral effects of chronic styrene exposure in the rat. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 10, 511–517 Laffon, B., Pásaro, E. & Méndez, J. (2001) Genotoxic effects of styrene-7,8-oxide in human white blood cells: Comet assay in relation to the induction of sister-chromatid exchange and micronuclei. Mutat. Res., 491, 163–172 Lai, S.-T. & Locke, D.C. (1983) Stepwise pyrolysis-liquid chromatography and pyrolysis-gas chromatography of polystyrene. J. Chromatogr., 255, 511–527 LaRegina, J., Bozzelli, J.W., Harkov, J. & Gianti, S. (1986) Volatile organic compounds at hazardous waste sites and a sanitary landfill in New Jersey. An up-to-date review of the present situation. Environ. Progress, 5, 18–27
536 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lattime, R.R. (1997) Styrene–butadiene rubber. In: Kroschwitz, J.I. & Howe-Grant, M., eds, Kirk- Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Ed., Vol. 22, New York, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 994–1014 Lauwerys, R.R. & Hoet, P. (1993) Industrial Chemical Exposure: Guidelines for Biological Monitoring, 2nd Ed., Boca Raton, FL, Lewis Publishers, pp. 143–159 Law, R.J., Fileman, T.W. & Matthiessen, P. (1991) Phthalate esters and other industrial organic chemicals in the North and Irish seas. Water Sci. Technol., 24, 127–134 Lee, S.-H. & Norppa, H. (1995) Effects of indomethacin and arachidonic acid on sister chromatid exchange induction by styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide. Mutat. Res., 348, 175–181 Lemasters, G.K., Carson, A. & Samuels, S.J. (1985) Occupational styrene exposure for twelve product categories in the reinforced plastics industry. Am. ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 46, 434–441 Lemasters, G.K., Samuels, S.J., Morrison, J.A. & Brooks, S.M. (1989) Reproductive outcomes of pregnant workers employed at 36 reinforced plastics companies. II. Lowered birth weight. J. occup. Med., 31, 115–120 Lemen, R.A. & Young, R. (1976) Investigation of health hazards in styrene-butadiene rubber facilities. In: Ede, L., ed., Proceedings of NIOSH Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Briefing, Covington, Kentucky, April 30, 1976 (HEW Publ. No. (NIOSH) 77-129), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, pp. 3–8 Lenvik, K., Osvoll, P.O. & Woldbaek, T. (1999) Occupational exposure to styrene in Norway, 1972–1996. Appl. occup. environ. Hyg., 14, 165–170 Letz, R., Mahoney, F.C., Hershman, D.L., Woskie, S. & Smith, T.J. (1990) Neurobehavioral effects of acute styrene exposure in fiberglass boatbuilders. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 12, 665–668 Lewis, P.J., Hagopian, C. & Koch, P. (1983) Styrene. In: Mark, H.F., Othmer, D.F., Overberger, C.G., Seaborg, G.T. & Grayson, M., eds, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 21, 3rd Ed., New York, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 770–801 Lickly, T.D., Breder C.V. & Rainey, M.L. (1995) A model for estimating the daily dietary intake of a substance from food-contact articles: Styrene from polystyrene food-contact polymers. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 21, 406–417 Lide, D.R., ed. (1996) Properties of Organic Compounds, Version 5.0, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press Inc. [CD-ROM] Lide, D.R., ed. (2001) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82nd Ed., Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, pp. 3-46, 6-58 Lilis, R., Lorimer, W.V., Diamond, S. & Selikoff, I.J. (1978) Neurotoxicity of styrene in production and polymerization workers. Environ. Res., 15, 133–138 Limasset, J.C., Simon, P., Poirot, P., Subra, I. & Grzebyk, M. (1999) Estimation of the percutaneous absorption of styrene in an industrial situation. Int. Arch. occup. environ. Health, 72, 46–51 Lindbohm, M.L., Hemminki, K. & Kyyronen, P. (1985) Spontaneous abortions among women employed in the plastics industry. Am. J. ind. Med., 8, 579–596 Lindström, K., Härkönen, H. & Hernberg, S. (1976) Disturbances in psychological functions of workers occupationally exposed to styrene. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 3, 129–139 Linhart, I., Šmejkal, J. & Mládková, I. (1998) Stereochemical aspects of styrene biotransformation. Toxicol. Lett., 94, 127–135
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATI
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IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the Intern
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iv IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.2 Th
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vi IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 SOME M
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IARC WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATIO
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PARTICIPANTS 5 Observer, representi
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PREAMBLE
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10 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 plasms
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12 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 collec
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14 agents present. For processes, i
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16 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Finall
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18 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and mi
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20 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (c) St
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22 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 may le
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24 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 It is
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26 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Data r
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28 when there is strong evidence th
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30 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Vol. 7
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GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES
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44 which may include, for example,
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46 2. Use of Traditional Herbal Med
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48 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 decade
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50 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
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52 3.2.1 Definition of herbal medic
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54 3.2.8 Individual supply Herbal m
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58 3.3.2 Germany (see Kraft, 1999;
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60 beyond placebo, and this informa
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62 3.3.5 Canada The Canadian Food a
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64 of adverse reactions to OTC drug
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66 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.3.12
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68 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jellin
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70 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Simila
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72 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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74 diameter of 4-6 cm or more, lobe
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76 1.2 Use 1.2.1 Aristolochia conto
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78 1.3.3 Aristolochia fangchi Compo
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80 1.6.2 Structural and molecular f
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82 chromatographic separation with
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84 may contain aristolochic acids.
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86 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 A bila
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88 received distilled water. The an
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90 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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92 varied from undetectable (< 0.02
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94 lochic acids enhanced immune res
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96 4.4 Genetic and related effects
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Table 3 (contd) Details of study DN
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Table 4. DNA adduct formation with
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Table 4 (contd) Details of study Co
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Table 5 (contd) Species Treatment I
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Table 6. DNA adduct formation by ar
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 7. Polymerase action on arist
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Table 8 (contd) Test system Drosoph
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116 of the forestomach and lung of
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118 lochic acid II (three metabolit
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120 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Che,
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122 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Healt
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124 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nishi
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126 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schme
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128 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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130 Figure 1. Morinda officinalis H
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132 1.3.2 Morinda officinalis A num
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134 by Soxhlet extraction with ethy
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136 2.1 Case-control studies 2.1.1
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138 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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140 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylan
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142 4.3 Reproductive and developmen
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Table 1 (contd) Test system Result
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146 5.1 Exposure data 5. Summary of
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148 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Brigg
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150 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nusko
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D. SENECIO SPECIES AND RIDDELLIINE
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metry (Witte et al., 1992). Thin-la
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sex were killed after a seven-week
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4.2.2 Experimental systems SOME TRA
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Table 1. Genetic and related effect
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Riddelliine induced unscheduled DNA
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5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data In
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES 1
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SOME MYCOTOXINS
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172 Aflatoxin G 1 IARC MONOGRAPHS V
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Table 2 (contd) Method no. Aflatoxi
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178 indicates that A. flavus and A.
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Table 4. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1
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182 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 aflat
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Table 6. Co-occurrence of aflatoxin
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186 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figur
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188 1.4 International exposure esti
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190 (c) Impact of establishing maxi
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192 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 used
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Table 10 (contd) Reference Area Uni
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198 were collapsed into a conventio
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Table 11 (contd) Reference Area Stu
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202 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 histo
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204 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 resid
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Table 12. Summary of principal case
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208 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 disea
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210 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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212 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 diet
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214 3.4 Administration with known c
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216 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The 8
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218 observed in rat liver slices, a
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222 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 an α
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224 (mainly hepatocellular carcinom
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226 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 but i
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228 lordosis and reduction in conce
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232 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 sampl
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234 In eight subjects (four from Ho
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Table 16 (contd) Test system Result
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240 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 anima
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242 difference between the two stud
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244 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 HBV-t
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246 In a large cohort study in Shan
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248 experimental data in showing th
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250 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ander
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252 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Buetl
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254 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Denis
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256 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Galla
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258 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Heino
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260 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jalon
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262 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Kirk,
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264 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lunn,
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266 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Olubu
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268 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Roll,
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270 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Stett
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272 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Verge
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274 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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Table 1. IARC evaluations Previous
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278 kernels and in less than 0.1% o
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280 2.5.3 Cottonseed A. flavus is a
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294 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 8. Re
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296 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Guo,
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298 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Marti
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300 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Sharm
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302 (d ) Solubility: Soluble in wat
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304 1.4 Occurrence Fumonisins have
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306 Table 1 (contd) IARC MONOGRAPHS
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308 (c) Formation in commodities ot
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312 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.1 O
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314 3.2.2 Rat IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUM
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316 with NDEA and fumonisin B 1, wh
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318 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 In pi
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Figure 2. Allometric relationship b
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322 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 obser
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324 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hepat
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326 4.2.3 Related studies IARC MONO
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328 4.3.2 Experimental systems IARC
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330 and litters on postnatal day 21
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Table 4. Genetic and related effect
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334 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The f
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336 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (d )
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338 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 treat
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340 4.5.2 Interference with fatty a
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344 5.2 Human carcinogenicity data
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346 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alber
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348 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chamb
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350 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Floss
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352 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hiroo
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354 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lee,
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356 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Mobio
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358 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Prelu
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360 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Savar
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362 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Steve
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364 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Flett
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366 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yu, C
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368 disulfide, carbon tetrachloride
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Table 1 (contd) Sample matrix Sampl
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Table 3. Naphthalene production (th
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374 1.4 Occurrence 1.4.1 Natural oc
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Table 5. Occupational exposure to n
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378 water assuming a water concentr
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380 (Scheepers & Bos, 1992). The av
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382 (d ) Biodegradation Studies on
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386 3.2 Inhalation exposure 3.2.1 M
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388 3.3.2 Rat Ten BD I and BD III r
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways o
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392 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and t
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394 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and 1
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396 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 1-240
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398 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Perfu
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400 Siegel and Wason (1986) reviewe
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402 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 liver
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404 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 to id
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406 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alkal
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408 hyperplasia, atrophy, chronic i
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410 had deficient glucose-6-phospha
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Table 10. Genetic and related effec
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Table 10 (contd) Test system Micron
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416 assay with or without metabolic
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418 There is some evidence of devel
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420 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Bjør
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422 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Conkl
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424 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Envir
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426 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ho, C
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428 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lynch
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430 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 O’B
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432 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schee
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434 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Versc
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STYRENE This substance was consider
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EPA Method 8260B can be used to det
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Styrene is produced mainly by catal
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STYRENE 443 Table 3. Use patterns f
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STYRENE 445 most samples taken from
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STYRENE 447 successive layers of ch
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Table 4 (contd) Country and year of
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Table 5. Biological monitoring of o
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STYRENE 453 Since 1990, the long-te
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same products resulted in exposures
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STYRENE 457 Ambient air monitoring
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200 μg/kg, although 77% of the foo
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Table 8 (contd) Country or region Y
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2.1 Case reports 2. Studies of Canc
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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STYRENE 469 (95% CI, 1.4-5.2; 10 de
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who had been employed in 1964-70 (t
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elationship for styrene became nega
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atio, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.1-17 in multip
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controls versus 32/32 treated). No
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3.4 Intraperitoneal administration
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways f
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STYRENE 483 a maximum and averaged
Page 492 and 493: (b) Distribution STYRENE 485 An ear
Page 494 and 495: STYRENE 487 rats with phenobarbital
Page 496 and 497: STYRENE 489 gavage (100-350 mg/kg b
Page 498 and 499: CYP2E1 and CYP2F2) inhibited nasal
Page 500 and 501: model indicated that absorbed styre
Page 502 and 503: female workers in the glass fibre-r
Page 504 and 505: STYRENE 497 continuously for seven
Page 506 and 507: STYRENE 499 exposure concentrations
Page 508 and 509: STYRENE 501 The frequency of sponta
Page 510 and 511: STYRENE 503 groups. Only minor gene
Page 512 and 513: concentrations of styrene in air we
Page 514 and 515: Table 12. Cytogenetic studies in ly
Page 516 and 517: Table 13. Genetic and related effec
Page 518 and 519: (b) Experimental systems (see Table
Page 520 and 521: Table 14 (contd) Test system Result
Page 522 and 523: STYRENE 515 styrene 7,8-oxide. Joha
Page 524 and 525: Styrene 7,8-oxide can bind to DNA w
Page 526 and 527: STYRENE 519 a small and non-signifi
Page 528 and 529: STYRENE 521 and immune systems, liv
Page 530 and 531: STYRENE 523 Artuso, M., Angotzi, G.
Page 532 and 533: STYRENE 525 Brugnone, F., Perbellin
Page 534 and 535: STYRENE 527 Coccini, T., Maestri, L
Page 536 and 537: STYRENE 529 Edling, C., Anundi, H.,
Page 538 and 539: STYRENE 531 Gobba, F., Galassi, C.,
Page 540 and 541: STYRENE 533 Horvath, E., Pongracz,
Page 544 and 545: STYRENE 537 Linhart, I., Gut, I.,
Page 546 and 547: STYRENE 539 Miller, S.L., Branoff,
Page 548 and 549: STYRENE 541 Newhook, R. & Caldwell,
Page 550 and 551: STYRENE 543 Pryor, G.T., Rebert, C.
Page 552 and 553: STYRENE 545 Sielken, R.L. & Valdez-
Page 554 and 555: STYRENE 547 Tsuda, S., Matsusaka, N
Page 556 and 557: STYRENE 549 Boffetta, P. (1996b) Ex
Page 558: Agent SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
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Page 563 and 564: 556 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 PMTDI
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Page 567 and 568: 560 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Benz[
Page 569 and 570: 562 β-Butyrolactone 11, 225 (1976)
Page 571 and 572: 564 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chlor
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Page 575 and 576: 568 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Diepo
Page 577 and 578: 570 Ethionamide 13, 83 (1977); Supp
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Page 581 and 582: 574 L Lasiocarpine 10, 281 (1976);
Page 583 and 584: 576 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Methy
Page 585 and 586: 578 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nicke
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Page 589 and 590: 582 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Polyb
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586 Sulfafurazole 24, 275 (1980); S
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588 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 20, 515 (
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590 Y Yellow AB 8, 279 (1975); Supp
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Volume 31 Some Food Additives, Feed
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