IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC ...

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ANNEX 293 Furthermore, the reduced animal production increases protein energy malnourishment in vulnerable groups, e.g. children and pregnant women. 7. Conclusions This Annex has dealt in general terms with a number of very complex issues. Many areas have been highlighted which are in need of much future research to provide information that is directly relevant not only to public health, but also to availability of a wholesome food and feed supply worldwide. The following general conclusions and recommendations emerged from the deliberations of the Working Group. 1. Limiting aflatoxin occurrence in crops before harvest can be achieved by limiting drought and high temperature stress, controlling weeds, reducing insect damage, using effective harvesting techniques and reducing Aspergillus spore numbers in soil by crop rotation. 2. Genetic engineering may offer new ways of limiting the pre-harvest contamination of some crops by aflatoxins. 3. Aflatoxins can be controlled in susceptible crops after harvest by controlling factors which affect fungal growth, e.g. water activity, temperature, gas atmospheres, and the use of insecticides or preservatives. The prime consideration for storage of grains and nuts is to maintain the water activity (by control of moisture content) below the limit for fungal growth. 4. Aflatoxin levels can be reduced in stored commodities by physical means, such as colour sorting, density flotation, blanching and roasting. 5. Where approved, aflatoxin levels in commodities destined for animal feeds can be reduced by chemical processes. Such processes include agents which bind aflatoxins, such as adsorbent clays, and the ammoniation process. The main use for ammoniation is in elimination of aflatoxin from feed for dairy cows. 6. Increased liver cancer incidence associated with aflatoxin exposure occurs in areas of the world where chronic high levels of aflatoxins (often many times higher than regulatory limits) and endemic infection with HBV or HCV occur together. Populations with a low prevalence of HBV chronic carriers and a low mean aflatoxin intake are unlikely to achieve a decrease in liver cancer cases by introducing lower aflatoxin limits. In contrast, in populations with a high prevalence of HBV chronic carriers and high exposure to aflatoxin, measures to reduce aflatoxin exposure would be desirable and beneficial.
294 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 8. References Angle, J.S., Dunn, K.A. & Wagner, G.H. (1982) Effect of cultural practices on the soil population of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 46, 301–304 Bailey, G.S., Price, R.L., Park, D.L. & Hendricks, J.D. (1994) Effect of ammoniation of aflatoxin B 1-contaminated cottonseed feedstock on the aflatoxin M 1 content of cows’ milk and hepatocarcinogenicity in the trout bioassay. Food chem. Toxicol., 32, 701–715 Bennett, G.A. & Anderson, R.A. (1978) Distribution of aflatoxin and/or zearalenone in wet-milled corn products: A review. J. agric. Food Chem., 26, 1055–1060 Bilgrami, K.S., Ranjan, K.S. & Sinha, A.K. (1992) Impact of crop damage on occurrence of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin in rainy-season maize (Zea mays). Indian J. agric. Sci., 62, 704–709 Blankenship, P.D., Cole, R.J., Sanders, T.H. & Hill, R.A. (1984) Effect of geocarposphere temperature on pre-harvest colonization of drought-stressed peanuts by Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxin contamination. Mycopathologia, 85, 69–74 Brekke, O.L., Peplinski, A.J. & Lancaster, E.B. (1977) Aflatoxin inactivation in corn by aqua ammonia. Trans. Am. Soc. agric. Eng., 20, 1160–1166 Brown, R.L., Chen, Z.-Y., Cleveland, T.E. & Russin, J.S. (1999) Advances in the development of host resistance in corn to aflatoxin contamination by Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology, 89, 113–117 Buchanan, J.R., Sommer, N.F. & Fortlage, R.J. (1975) Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production in fig fruits. Appl. Microbiol., 30, 238–241 Calet, C. (1984) Consequences of ingesting aflatoxin-contaminated feeds. Efficacy of methods used for their destruction. Rev. Aliment. Anim., 375, 39–41; 43–45 Campbell, K.W. & White, D.G. (1995) Evaluation of corn genotypes for resistance to Aspergillus ear rot, kernel infection, and aflatoxin production. Plant Dis., 79, 1039–1045 Cazzaniga, D., Basílico, J.C., González, R.J., Torres, R.L. & de Greef, D.M. (2001) Mycotoxins inactivation by extrusion cooking of corn flour. Lett. appl. Microbiol., 33, 144–147 Champ, B.R. & Highley, E., eds (1988) Bulk Handling and Storage of Grain in the Humid Tropics. Proceedings of an International Workshop held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 6–9 October 1987 (ACIAR Proceedings No. 22), Canberra, ACT, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Champ, B.R., Highley. E. & Banks, H.J., eds (1990) Fumigation and Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Grain. Proceedings of an International Conference held at Singapore, 14-18 February 1989 (ACIAR Proceedings No. 25), Canberra, ACT, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Chatterjee, D., Chattopadhyay, B.K. & Mukherje, S.K. (1990) Storage deterioration of maize having pre-harvest infection with Aspergillus flavus. Lett. appl. Microbiol., 11, 11–14 Christensen, C.M., Mirocha, C.J. & Meronuck, R.A. (1977) Mold, Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses (Agricultural Experiment Station Report 142), St Paul, University of Minnesota Codex Alimentarus Commission (2001) Codex Alimentarius, 24th Session, Geneva, WHO Cole, R.J. (1989) Preharvest aflatoxin in peanuts. Int. Biodet., 25, 253–257
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATI
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IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the Intern
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iv IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.2 Th
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IARC WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATIO
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PARTICIPANTS 5 Observer, representi
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PREAMBLE
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10 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 plasms
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26 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Data r
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28 when there is strong evidence th
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30 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Vol. 7
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GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES
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44 which may include, for example,
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46 2. Use of Traditional Herbal Med
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48 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 decade
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50 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
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52 3.2.1 Definition of herbal medic
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54 3.2.8 Individual supply Herbal m
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58 3.3.2 Germany (see Kraft, 1999;
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60 beyond placebo, and this informa
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62 3.3.5 Canada The Canadian Food a
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64 of adverse reactions to OTC drug
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66 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.3.12
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68 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jellin
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70 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Simila
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72 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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74 diameter of 4-6 cm or more, lobe
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76 1.2 Use 1.2.1 Aristolochia conto
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78 1.3.3 Aristolochia fangchi Compo
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80 1.6.2 Structural and molecular f
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82 chromatographic separation with
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84 may contain aristolochic acids.
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86 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 A bila
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88 received distilled water. The an
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90 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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92 varied from undetectable (< 0.02
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94 lochic acids enhanced immune res
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96 4.4 Genetic and related effects
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Table 3 (contd) Details of study DN
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Table 4. DNA adduct formation with
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Table 4 (contd) Details of study Co
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Table 5 (contd) Species Treatment I
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Table 6. DNA adduct formation by ar
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 7. Polymerase action on arist
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Table 8 (contd) Test system Drosoph
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116 of the forestomach and lung of
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118 lochic acid II (three metabolit
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120 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Che,
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122 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Healt
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124 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nishi
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126 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schme
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128 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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130 Figure 1. Morinda officinalis H
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132 1.3.2 Morinda officinalis A num
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134 by Soxhlet extraction with ethy
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136 2.1 Case-control studies 2.1.1
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138 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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140 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylan
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142 4.3 Reproductive and developmen
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Table 1 (contd) Test system Result
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146 5.1 Exposure data 5. Summary of
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148 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Brigg
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150 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nusko
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D. SENECIO SPECIES AND RIDDELLIINE
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metry (Witte et al., 1992). Thin-la
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sex were killed after a seven-week
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4.2.2 Experimental systems SOME TRA
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Table 1. Genetic and related effect
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Riddelliine induced unscheduled DNA
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5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data In
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES 1
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SOME MYCOTOXINS
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172 Aflatoxin G 1 IARC MONOGRAPHS V
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Table 2 (contd) Method no. Aflatoxi
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178 indicates that A. flavus and A.
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Table 4. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1
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182 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 aflat
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Table 6. Co-occurrence of aflatoxin
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186 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figur
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188 1.4 International exposure esti
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190 (c) Impact of establishing maxi
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192 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 used
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Table 10 (contd) Reference Area Uni
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198 were collapsed into a conventio
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Table 11 (contd) Reference Area Stu
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202 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 histo
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204 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 resid
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Table 12. Summary of principal case
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208 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 disea
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210 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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212 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 diet
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214 3.4 Administration with known c
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216 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The 8
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218 observed in rat liver slices, a
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220 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figur
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222 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 an α
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224 (mainly hepatocellular carcinom
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226 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 but i
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228 lordosis and reduction in conce
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232 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 sampl
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234 In eight subjects (four from Ho
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240 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 anima
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Page 283 and 284: Table 1. IARC evaluations Previous
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Page 321 and 322: 314 3.2.2 Rat IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUM
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Page 345 and 346: 338 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 treat
Page 347 and 348: 340 4.5.2 Interference with fatty a
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344 5.2 Human carcinogenicity data
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346 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alber
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348 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chamb
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350 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Floss
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352 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hiroo
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354 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lee,
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356 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Mobio
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358 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Prelu
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360 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Savar
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362 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Steve
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364 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Flett
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366 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yu, C
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368 disulfide, carbon tetrachloride
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Table 1 (contd) Sample matrix Sampl
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Table 3. Naphthalene production (th
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374 1.4 Occurrence 1.4.1 Natural oc
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Table 5. Occupational exposure to n
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378 water assuming a water concentr
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380 (Scheepers & Bos, 1992). The av
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382 (d ) Biodegradation Studies on
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386 3.2 Inhalation exposure 3.2.1 M
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388 3.3.2 Rat Ten BD I and BD III r
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways o
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392 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and t
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394 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and 1
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396 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 1-240
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398 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Perfu
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400 Siegel and Wason (1986) reviewe
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402 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 liver
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404 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 to id
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406 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alkal
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408 hyperplasia, atrophy, chronic i
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410 had deficient glucose-6-phospha
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Table 10. Genetic and related effec
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Table 10 (contd) Test system Micron
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416 assay with or without metabolic
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418 There is some evidence of devel
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420 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Bjør
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422 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Conkl
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424 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Envir
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426 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ho, C
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428 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lynch
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430 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 O’B
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432 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schee
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434 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Versc
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STYRENE This substance was consider
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EPA Method 8260B can be used to det
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Styrene is produced mainly by catal
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STYRENE 443 Table 3. Use patterns f
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STYRENE 445 most samples taken from
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STYRENE 447 successive layers of ch
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Table 4 (contd) Country and year of
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Table 5. Biological monitoring of o
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STYRENE 453 Since 1990, the long-te
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same products resulted in exposures
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STYRENE 457 Ambient air monitoring
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200 μg/kg, although 77% of the foo
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Table 8 (contd) Country or region Y
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2.1 Case reports 2. Studies of Canc
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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STYRENE 469 (95% CI, 1.4-5.2; 10 de
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who had been employed in 1964-70 (t
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elationship for styrene became nega
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atio, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.1-17 in multip
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controls versus 32/32 treated). No
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3.4 Intraperitoneal administration
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways f
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STYRENE 483 a maximum and averaged
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(b) Distribution STYRENE 485 An ear
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STYRENE 487 rats with phenobarbital
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STYRENE 489 gavage (100-350 mg/kg b
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CYP2E1 and CYP2F2) inhibited nasal
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model indicated that absorbed styre
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female workers in the glass fibre-r
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STYRENE 497 continuously for seven
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STYRENE 499 exposure concentrations
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STYRENE 501 The frequency of sponta
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STYRENE 503 groups. Only minor gene
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concentrations of styrene in air we
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Table 12. Cytogenetic studies in ly
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Table 13. Genetic and related effec
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(b) Experimental systems (see Table
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STYRENE 515 styrene 7,8-oxide. Joha
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Styrene 7,8-oxide can bind to DNA w
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STYRENE 519 a small and non-signifi
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STYRENE 521 and immune systems, liv
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STYRENE 523 Artuso, M., Angotzi, G.
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STYRENE 525 Brugnone, F., Perbellin
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STYRENE 527 Coccini, T., Maestri, L
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STYRENE 529 Edling, C., Anundi, H.,
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STYRENE 531 Gobba, F., Galassi, C.,
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STYRENE 533 Horvath, E., Pongracz,
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STYRENE 535 logical Study and the I
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STYRENE 537 Linhart, I., Gut, I.,
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STYRENE 539 Miller, S.L., Branoff,
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STYRENE 541 Newhook, R. & Caldwell,
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STYRENE 543 Pryor, G.T., Rebert, C.
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STYRENE 545 Sielken, R.L. & Valdez-
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STYRENE 547 Tsuda, S., Matsusaka, N
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STYRENE 549 Boffetta, P. (1996b) Ex
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Agent SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
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554 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 DGAL:
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556 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 PMTDI
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558 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Aldri
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560 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Benz[
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562 β-Butyrolactone 11, 225 (1976)
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564 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chlor
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566 Cyproterone acetate 72, 49 (199
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568 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Diepo
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570 Ethionamide 13, 83 (1977); Supp
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572 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Haema
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574 L Lasiocarpine 10, 281 (1976);
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576 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Methy
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578 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nicke
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580 O Ochratoxin A 10, 191 (1976);
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582 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Polyb
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584 Rhodamine 6G 16, 233 (1978); Su
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586 Sulfafurazole 24, 275 (1980); S
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588 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 20, 515 (
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590 Y Yellow AB 8, 279 (1975); Supp
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Volume 31 Some Food Additives, Feed
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