AFLATOXINS 271 Tanaka, S., Toh, Y., Adachi, E., Matsumata, T., Mori, R. & Sugimachi, K. (1993) Tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma may be mediated by p53 mutation. Cancer Res., 53, 2884–2887 Tanimura, T., Kihara, T. & Yamamoto, Y. (1982) Teratogenicity of aflatoxin B 1 in the mouse (in Japanese). Kankyo Kagaku Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (Kinki Daigaku), 10, 247–256 Teramoto, T., Satonaka, K., Kitazawa, S., Fujimori, T., Hayashi, K. & Maeda, S. (1994) p53 Gene abnormalities are closely related to hepatoviral infections and occur at a late stage of hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res., 54, 231–235 Tiemersma, E.W., Omer, R.E., Bunschoten, A., van’t Veer, P., Kok, F.J., Idris, M.O., Kadaru, A.M.Y., Fedail, S.S. & Kampman, E. (2001) Role of genetic polymorphism of glutathione- S-transferase T1 and microsomal epoxide hydrolase in aflatoxin-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10, 785–791 Torres Espinosa, E., Asakr, K.A., Torres, L.R.N., Olvera, R.M. & Anna, J.P.C.S. (1995) Quantification of aflatoxins in corn distributed in the city of Monterrey, Mexico. Food Addit. Contam., 12, 383–386 Trottier, Y., Waithe, W.I. & Anderson, A. (1992) Kinds of mutations induced by aflatoxin B 1 in a shuttle vector replicating in human cells transiently expressing cytochrome P4501A2 cDNA. Mol. Carcinog., 6, 140–147 Turner, P.C., Mendy, M., Whittle, H., Fortuin, M., Hall, A.J. & Wild, C.P. (2000) Hepatitis B infection and aflatoxin biomarker levels in Gambian children. Trop. Med. int. Health, 5, 837–841 Ueng, Y.-F., Shimada, T., Yamazaki, H. & Guengerich, F.P. (1998) Aflatoxin B 1 oxidation by human cytochrome P450s. J. Toxicol. Sci., 23 (Suppl. II), 132–135 Ueno, Y., Iijima, K., Wang, S.D., Dugiura, Y., Sekijima, M., Tanaka, T., Chen, C. & Yu, S.Z. (1997) Fumonisins as a possible contributory risk factor for primary liver cancer: A 3-year study of corn harvested in Haimen, China, by HPLC and ELISA. Food chem. Toxicol., 35, 1143–1150 Uhl, M., Helma, C. & Knasmüller, S. (2000) Evaluation of the single cell gel electrophoresis assay with human hepatoma (Hep G2) cells. Mutat. Res., 468, 213–225 Van Rensburg, S.J., Cook–Mozaffari, P., Van Schalkwyk, D.J., Van der Watt, J.J., Vincent, T.J. & Purchase, I.F. (1985) Hepatocellular carcinoma and dietary aflatoxin in Mozambique and Transkei. Br. J. Cancer, 51, 713–726 Van Rensburg, S.J., Van Schalkwyk, G.C. & Van Schalkwyk, D.J. (1990) Primary liver cancer and aflatoxin intake in Transkei. J. environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 10, 11–16 Vargas, E.A., Preis, R.A., Castro, L. & Silva C.M.G. (2001) Co-occurrence of aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1, G 2, zearalenone and fumonisin B 1 in Brazilian corn. Food Addit. Contam., 18, 981–986 Vasanthi, S. & Bhat, R.V. (1998) Mycotoxins in foods — Occurrence, health and economic significance and food control measures. Indian J. med. Res., 108, 212–224 Vautier, G., Bomford, A.B., Portmann, B.C., Metivier, E., Williams, R. & Ryder, S.D. (1999) p53 Mutations in British patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Clustering in genetic hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology, 117, 154–160 Venturini, M. C., Quiroga, M.C., Risso, M.A., Di Lorenzo, C., Omata, Y., Venturini, L. & Godoy, H. (1996) Mycotoxin T-2 and aflatoxin B 1 as immunosuppressors in mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. J. comp. Pathol., 115, 229–237
272 <strong>IARC</strong> <strong>M<strong>ON</strong>OGRAPHS</strong> VOLUME 82 Verger, P.K., Vlatier, J.-L. & Dufour, A. (1999) [Estimation of theoretic intake of aflatoxins and ochratoxin.] In: Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., ed., Les Mycotoxines dans l’Alimentation: Evaluation et Gestion du Risque [Mycotoxins in Food: Evaluation and Management of Risk], Paris, Technique et Documentation, pp. 371–384 (in French) Viquez, O.M., Castell-Perez, M.E., Shelby, R.A. & Brown, G. (1994) Aflatoxin contamination in corn samples due to environmental conditions, aflatoxin-producing strains, and nutrients in grain grown in Costa Rica. J. agric. Food Chem., 42, 2551–2555 Wang, Y.B., Lan, L.Z., Ye, B.F., Xu, Y.C., Liu, Y.Y. & Li, W.G. (1983) Relation between geographical distribution of liver cancer and climate–aflatoxin B1 in China. Sci. Sin. [B], 26, 1166–1175 Wang, D.S., Liang, Y.X., Chau, N.T., Dien, L.D., Tanaka, T. & Ueno, Y. (1995) Natural co-occurrence of Fusarium toxins and aflatoxin B 1 in corn for feed in North Vietnam. Nat. Toxins, 3, 445–449 Wang, L.Y., Hatch, M., Chen, C.J., Levin, B., You, S.L., Lu, S.N., Wu, M.H., Wu, W.P., Wang, L.W., Wang, Q., Huang, G.T., Yang, P.M., Lee, H.S. & Santella, R.M. (1996a) Aflatoxin exposure and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Int. J. Cancer, 67, 620–625 Wang, J.-S., Qian, G.-S., Zarba, A., He, X., Zhu, Y.-R., Zhang, B.-C., Jacobson, L., Gange, S.J., Munoz, A., Kensler, T.W. & (1996b) Temporal patterns of aflatoxin-albumin adducts in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and antigen-negative residents of Daxin, Qidong County, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 5, 253–261 Wang, H., Dick, R., Yin, H., Licad-Coles, E., Kroetz, D.L., Szklarz, G., Harlow, G., Halpert, J.R. & Correia, M.A. (1998) Structure-function relationships of human liver cytochromes P450 3A: Aflatoxin B 1 metabolism as a probe. Biochemistry, 37, 12536–12545 Wang, J.-S., Shen, X., He, X., Zhu, Y.-R., Zhang, B.-C., Wang, J.-B., Qian, G.-S., Kuang, S.-Y., Zarba, A., Egner, P.A., Jacobson, L.P., Muñoz, A., Helzlsouer, K.J., Groopman, J.D. & Kensler, T.W. (1999a) Protective alterations in phase 1 and 2 metabolism of aflatoxin B 1 by oltipraz in residents of Qidong, People’s Republic of China. J. natl Cancer Inst., 91, 347–354 Wang, S.S., O’Neill, J.P., Qian, G.-S., Zhu, Y.-R., Wang, J.-B., Armenian, H., Zarba, A., Wang, J.- S., Kensler, T.W., Cariello, N.F., Groopman, J.D. & Swenberg, J.A. (1999b) Elevated HPRT mutation frequencies in aflatoxin-exposed residents of Daxin, Qidong County, People’s Republic of China. Carcinogenesis, 20, 2181–2184 Wang, C., Bammler, T.K., Guo, Y., Kelly, E.J. & Eaton, D.L. (2000) Mu-Class GSTs are reponsible for aflatoxin B 1-8,9-epoxide-conjugating activity in the nonhuman primate Macaca fascicularis liver. Toxicol. Sci., 56, 26–36 Wang, J.S., Huang, T., Su, J., Liang, F., Wei, Z., Liang, Y., Luo, H., Kuang, S.Y., Qian, G.S., Sun, G., He, X., Kensler, T.W. & Groopman, J.D. (2001) Hepatocellular carcinoma and aflatoxin exposure in Zhuqing Village, Fusui County, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10, 143–146 Whitaker, T.B., Hagler, W.M., Jr, Giesbrecht, F.G., Dorner, J.W., Dowell, F.E. & Cole, R.J. (1998) Estimating aflatoxin in farmers’ stock peanut lots by measuring aflatoxin in various peanutgrade components. J. Assoc. off. anal. Chem. Int., 81, 61–67 WHO (1998) GEMS/Food Regional Diets. Regional Per Capita Consumption of Raw and Semiprocessed Agricultural Commodities (WHO/FSF/FOS/98.3), Geneva Wild, C.P. & Hall, A.J. (1999) Hepatitis B virus and liver cancer: Unanswered questions. Cancer Surv., 33, 35–54
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PREAMBLE
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10 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 plasms
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14 agents present. For processes, i
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18 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and mi
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28 when there is strong evidence th
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30 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Vol. 7
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GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
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GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
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GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES
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44 which may include, for example,
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46 2. Use of Traditional Herbal Med
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48 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 decade
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50 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
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52 3.2.1 Definition of herbal medic
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54 3.2.8 Individual supply Herbal m
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56 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
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58 3.3.2 Germany (see Kraft, 1999;
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60 beyond placebo, and this informa
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62 3.3.5 Canada The Canadian Food a
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64 of adverse reactions to OTC drug
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66 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.3.12
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68 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jellin
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70 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Simila
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72 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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74 diameter of 4-6 cm or more, lobe
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76 1.2 Use 1.2.1 Aristolochia conto
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78 1.3.3 Aristolochia fangchi Compo
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80 1.6.2 Structural and molecular f
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82 chromatographic separation with
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84 may contain aristolochic acids.
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86 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 A bila
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88 received distilled water. The an
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90 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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92 varied from undetectable (< 0.02
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94 lochic acids enhanced immune res
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96 4.4 Genetic and related effects
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Table 3 (contd) Details of study DN
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Table 4. DNA adduct formation with
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Table 5 (contd) Species Treatment I
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 7. Polymerase action on arist
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116 of the forestomach and lung of
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118 lochic acid II (three metabolit
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120 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Che,
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122 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Healt
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124 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nishi
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126 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schme
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128 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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130 Figure 1. Morinda officinalis H
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132 1.3.2 Morinda officinalis A num
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134 by Soxhlet extraction with ethy
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136 2.1 Case-control studies 2.1.1
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138 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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140 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylan
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142 4.3 Reproductive and developmen
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Table 1 (contd) Test system Result
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146 5.1 Exposure data 5. Summary of
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148 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Brigg
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150 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nusko
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D. SENECIO SPECIES AND RIDDELLIINE
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metry (Witte et al., 1992). Thin-la
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sex were killed after a seven-week
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4.2.2 Experimental systems SOME TRA
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Table 1. Genetic and related effect
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Riddelliine induced unscheduled DNA
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5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data In
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES 1
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SOME MYCOTOXINS
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172 Aflatoxin G 1 IARC MONOGRAPHS V
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174 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
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Table 2 (contd) Method no. Aflatoxi
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178 indicates that A. flavus and A.
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Table 4. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1
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182 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 aflat
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Table 6. Co-occurrence of aflatoxin
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186 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figur
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188 1.4 International exposure esti
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190 (c) Impact of establishing maxi
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192 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 used
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194 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 aflat
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Table 10 (contd) Reference Area Uni
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198 were collapsed into a conventio
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Table 11 (contd) Reference Area Stu
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202 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 histo
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204 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 resid
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Table 12. Summary of principal case
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208 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 disea
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210 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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212 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 diet
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214 3.4 Administration with known c
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216 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The 8
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218 observed in rat liver slices, a
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322 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 obser
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324 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hepat
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326 4.2.3 Related studies IARC MONO
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328 4.3.2 Experimental systems IARC
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330 and litters on postnatal day 21
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Table 4. Genetic and related effect
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334 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The f
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336 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (d )
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338 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 treat
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340 4.5.2 Interference with fatty a
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342 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figur
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344 5.2 Human carcinogenicity data
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346 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alber
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348 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chamb
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350 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Floss
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352 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hiroo
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354 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lee,
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356 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Mobio
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358 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Prelu
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360 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Savar
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362 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Steve
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364 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Flett
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366 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yu, C
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368 disulfide, carbon tetrachloride
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Table 1 (contd) Sample matrix Sampl
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Table 3. Naphthalene production (th
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374 1.4 Occurrence 1.4.1 Natural oc
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Table 5. Occupational exposure to n
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378 water assuming a water concentr
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380 (Scheepers & Bos, 1992). The av
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382 (d ) Biodegradation Studies on
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384 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
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386 3.2 Inhalation exposure 3.2.1 M
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388 3.3.2 Rat Ten BD I and BD III r
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways o
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392 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and t
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394 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and 1
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396 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 1-240
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398 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Perfu
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400 Siegel and Wason (1986) reviewe
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402 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 liver
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404 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 to id
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406 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alkal
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408 hyperplasia, atrophy, chronic i
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410 had deficient glucose-6-phospha
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Table 10. Genetic and related effec
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Table 10 (contd) Test system Micron
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416 assay with or without metabolic
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418 There is some evidence of devel
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420 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Bjør
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422 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Conkl
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424 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Envir
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426 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ho, C
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428 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lynch
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430 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 O’B
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432 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schee
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434 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Versc
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STYRENE This substance was consider
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EPA Method 8260B can be used to det
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Styrene is produced mainly by catal
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STYRENE 443 Table 3. Use patterns f
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STYRENE 445 most samples taken from
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STYRENE 447 successive layers of ch
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Table 4 (contd) Country and year of
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Table 5. Biological monitoring of o
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STYRENE 453 Since 1990, the long-te
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same products resulted in exposures
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STYRENE 457 Ambient air monitoring
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200 μg/kg, although 77% of the foo
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Table 8 (contd) Country or region Y
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2.1 Case reports 2. Studies of Canc
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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STYRENE 469 (95% CI, 1.4-5.2; 10 de
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who had been employed in 1964-70 (t
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elationship for styrene became nega
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atio, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.1-17 in multip
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controls versus 32/32 treated). No
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3.4 Intraperitoneal administration
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways f
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STYRENE 483 a maximum and averaged
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(b) Distribution STYRENE 485 An ear
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STYRENE 487 rats with phenobarbital
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STYRENE 489 gavage (100-350 mg/kg b
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CYP2E1 and CYP2F2) inhibited nasal
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model indicated that absorbed styre
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female workers in the glass fibre-r
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STYRENE 497 continuously for seven
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STYRENE 499 exposure concentrations
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STYRENE 501 The frequency of sponta
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STYRENE 503 groups. Only minor gene
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concentrations of styrene in air we
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Table 12. Cytogenetic studies in ly
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Table 13. Genetic and related effec
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(b) Experimental systems (see Table
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Table 14 (contd) Test system Result
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STYRENE 515 styrene 7,8-oxide. Joha
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Styrene 7,8-oxide can bind to DNA w
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STYRENE 519 a small and non-signifi
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STYRENE 521 and immune systems, liv
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STYRENE 523 Artuso, M., Angotzi, G.
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STYRENE 525 Brugnone, F., Perbellin
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STYRENE 527 Coccini, T., Maestri, L
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STYRENE 529 Edling, C., Anundi, H.,
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STYRENE 531 Gobba, F., Galassi, C.,
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STYRENE 533 Horvath, E., Pongracz,
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STYRENE 535 logical Study and the I
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STYRENE 537 Linhart, I., Gut, I.,
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STYRENE 539 Miller, S.L., Branoff,
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STYRENE 541 Newhook, R. & Caldwell,
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STYRENE 543 Pryor, G.T., Rebert, C.
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STYRENE 545 Sielken, R.L. & Valdez-
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STYRENE 547 Tsuda, S., Matsusaka, N
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STYRENE 549 Boffetta, P. (1996b) Ex
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Agent SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
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554 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 DGAL:
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556 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 PMTDI
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558 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Aldri
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560 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Benz[
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562 β-Butyrolactone 11, 225 (1976)
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564 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chlor
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566 Cyproterone acetate 72, 49 (199
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568 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Diepo
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570 Ethionamide 13, 83 (1977); Supp
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572 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Haema
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574 L Lasiocarpine 10, 281 (1976);
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576 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Methy
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578 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nicke
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580 O Ochratoxin A 10, 191 (1976);
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582 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Polyb
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584 Rhodamine 6G 16, 233 (1978); Su
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586 Sulfafurazole 24, 275 (1980); S
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588 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 20, 515 (
- Page 597 and 598:
590 Y Yellow AB 8, 279 (1975); Supp
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Volume 31 Some Food Additives, Feed
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All IARC publications are available