IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC ...

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Table 4 (contd) Test system Result a Without exogenous metabolic system With exogenous metabolic system Dose (LED or HID) b Reference DNA fragmentation, male Sprague-Dawley rat liver and spleen in vivo + 1.55 × 1 iv Atroshi et al. (1999) Unscheduled DNA synthesis, male Fischer 344 rat hepatocytes in vivo – 100 × 1 po Gelderblom et al. (1992b) Micronucleus formation, male CF1 mouse bone-marrow cells in vivo + 25 × 1 ip Aranda et al. (2000) a +, positive; –, negative; NT, not tested b LED, lowest effective dose; HID, highest ineffective dose; in-vitro tests, μg/mL; in-vivo tests, mg/kg bw/day; iv, intravenous; po, oral; ip, intraperitoneal c A dose of 10 mg/plate was inactive in the pre-incubation assay and toxic in the plate-incorporation assay. d Metabolic activation with S9 from human hepatoma (HepG2) cells e Analysed by HPLC-mass spectrometry FUMONISIN B 1 333
334 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The first proposed lipid-based mechanism involves inhibition of ceramide synthase (Wang et al., 1991), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids. In line with findings in human cell lines (Biswal et al., 2000; Charles et al., 2001), human primary cell cultures (Tolleson et al., 1999), non-human primates (Van der Westhuizen et al., 2001) and all other animals tested (reviewed in WHO, 2000, 2002), human exposure to fumonisins is also associated with evidence of disruption of sphingolipid metabolism (Qiu & Liu, 2001). Alterations in the free sphinganine/free sphingosine ratio, a consequence of ceramide synthase inhibition, are now used as a biomarker for exposure to fumonisins in domestic animals (Riley et al., 1994a,b) and humans (Van der Westhuizen et al., 1999; Qiu & Liu, 2001; Ribar et al., 2001). Turner et al. (1999) reviewed potential problems of using sphingoid base ratios as a functional biomarker for exposure to fumonisin B 1 in humans. The second biochemical mechanism proposes changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids and phospholipid pools (Gelderblom et al., 1996b). This mechanism is supported by data from studies with rat liver (reviewed in WHO, 2002) and human cell lines (Pinelli et al., 1999; Seegers et al., 2000). The cellular consequences of both biochemical modes of action provide support for a non-genotoxic mechanism of carcinogenicity. It is proposed that alterations in cell growth, death and differentiation due to disruption of lipid-mediated signalling and regulatory pathways lead to an imbalance between the rates of apoptosis and proliferation and that this imbalance is a critical determinant in the process of hepato- and nephrotoxicity and tumorigenesis in animal models (reviewed in WHO, 2002). 4.5.1 Interference with sphingolipid metabolism (a) Sphingolipid chemistry and function Sphingolipids are a highly diverse class of lipids found in all eukaryotic cells. The biological functions are equally diverse: the compounds serve as structural components required for maintenance of membrane integrity, as receptors for vitamins and toxins, as sites for cell–cell recognition and cell–cell and cell–substrate adhesion, as modulators of receptor function and as lipid second messengers in signalling pathways responsible for cell growth, differentiation and death (Merrill et al., 1997). (b) Inhibition of ceramide synthase In every cell line and animal, plant or fungus in which it has been tested, fumonisin B 1 inhibits the coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent acylation of sphinganine and sphingosine via interaction with the enzyme sphinganine/sphingosine N-acyltransferase (ceramide synthase). This enzyme recognizes both the amino group (sphingoid-binding domain) and the tricarboxylic acid side-chains (fatty acyl-CoA domain) of fumonisin B 1 (Merrill et al., 2001) (Figure 3).
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATI
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IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the Intern
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iv IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.2 Th
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vi IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 SOME M
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IARC WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATIO
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PARTICIPANTS 5 Observer, representi
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PREAMBLE
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10 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 plasms
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12 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 collec
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14 agents present. For processes, i
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16 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Finall
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18 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and mi
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20 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (c) St
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22 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 may le
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24 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 It is
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26 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Data r
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28 when there is strong evidence th
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30 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Vol. 7
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GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES
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44 which may include, for example,
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46 2. Use of Traditional Herbal Med
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48 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 decade
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50 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
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52 3.2.1 Definition of herbal medic
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54 3.2.8 Individual supply Herbal m
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58 3.3.2 Germany (see Kraft, 1999;
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60 beyond placebo, and this informa
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62 3.3.5 Canada The Canadian Food a
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64 of adverse reactions to OTC drug
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66 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.3.12
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68 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jellin
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70 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Simila
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72 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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74 diameter of 4-6 cm or more, lobe
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76 1.2 Use 1.2.1 Aristolochia conto
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78 1.3.3 Aristolochia fangchi Compo
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80 1.6.2 Structural and molecular f
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82 chromatographic separation with
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84 may contain aristolochic acids.
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86 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 A bila
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88 received distilled water. The an
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90 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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92 varied from undetectable (< 0.02
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94 lochic acids enhanced immune res
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96 4.4 Genetic and related effects
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Table 3 (contd) Details of study DN
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Table 4. DNA adduct formation with
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Table 4 (contd) Details of study Co
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Table 5 (contd) Species Treatment I
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Table 6. DNA adduct formation by ar
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 7. Polymerase action on arist
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Table 8 (contd) Test system Drosoph
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116 of the forestomach and lung of
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118 lochic acid II (three metabolit
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120 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Che,
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122 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Healt
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124 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nishi
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126 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schme
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128 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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130 Figure 1. Morinda officinalis H
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132 1.3.2 Morinda officinalis A num
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134 by Soxhlet extraction with ethy
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136 2.1 Case-control studies 2.1.1
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138 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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140 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylan
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142 4.3 Reproductive and developmen
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Table 1 (contd) Test system Result
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146 5.1 Exposure data 5. Summary of
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148 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Brigg
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150 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nusko
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D. SENECIO SPECIES AND RIDDELLIINE
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metry (Witte et al., 1992). Thin-la
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sex were killed after a seven-week
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4.2.2 Experimental systems SOME TRA
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Table 1. Genetic and related effect
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Riddelliine induced unscheduled DNA
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5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data In
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES 1
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SOME MYCOTOXINS
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172 Aflatoxin G 1 IARC MONOGRAPHS V
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Table 2 (contd) Method no. Aflatoxi
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178 indicates that A. flavus and A.
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Table 4. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1
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182 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 aflat
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Table 6. Co-occurrence of aflatoxin
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186 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figur
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188 1.4 International exposure esti
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190 (c) Impact of establishing maxi
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192 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 used
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Table 10 (contd) Reference Area Uni
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198 were collapsed into a conventio
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Table 11 (contd) Reference Area Stu
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202 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 histo
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204 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 resid
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Table 12. Summary of principal case
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208 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 disea
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210 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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212 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 diet
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214 3.4 Administration with known c
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216 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The 8
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218 observed in rat liver slices, a
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220 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figur
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222 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 an α
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224 (mainly hepatocellular carcinom
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226 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 but i
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228 lordosis and reduction in conce
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232 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 sampl
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234 In eight subjects (four from Ho
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240 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 anima
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242 difference between the two stud
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244 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 HBV-t
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246 In a large cohort study in Shan
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248 experimental data in showing th
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250 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ander
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252 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Buetl
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254 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Denis
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256 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Galla
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258 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Heino
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260 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jalon
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262 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Kirk,
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264 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lunn,
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266 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Olubu
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268 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Roll,
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270 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Stett
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272 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Verge
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274 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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Table 1. IARC evaluations Previous
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278 kernels and in less than 0.1% o
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280 2.5.3 Cottonseed A. flavus is a
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Page 337 and 338: 330 and litters on postnatal day 21
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Page 345 and 346: 338 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 treat
Page 347 and 348: 340 4.5.2 Interference with fatty a
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Page 375 and 376: 368 disulfide, carbon tetrachloride
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Page 381 and 382: 374 1.4 Occurrence 1.4.1 Natural oc
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386 3.2 Inhalation exposure 3.2.1 M
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388 3.3.2 Rat Ten BD I and BD III r
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways o
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392 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and t
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394 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and 1
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396 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 1-240
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398 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Perfu
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400 Siegel and Wason (1986) reviewe
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402 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 liver
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404 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 to id
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406 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alkal
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408 hyperplasia, atrophy, chronic i
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410 had deficient glucose-6-phospha
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Table 10. Genetic and related effec
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Table 10 (contd) Test system Micron
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416 assay with or without metabolic
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418 There is some evidence of devel
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420 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Bjør
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422 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Conkl
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424 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Envir
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426 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ho, C
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428 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lynch
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430 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 O’B
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432 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schee
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434 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Versc
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STYRENE This substance was consider
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EPA Method 8260B can be used to det
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Styrene is produced mainly by catal
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STYRENE 443 Table 3. Use patterns f
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STYRENE 445 most samples taken from
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STYRENE 447 successive layers of ch
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Table 4 (contd) Country and year of
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Table 5. Biological monitoring of o
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STYRENE 453 Since 1990, the long-te
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same products resulted in exposures
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STYRENE 457 Ambient air monitoring
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200 μg/kg, although 77% of the foo
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Table 8 (contd) Country or region Y
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2.1 Case reports 2. Studies of Canc
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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STYRENE 469 (95% CI, 1.4-5.2; 10 de
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who had been employed in 1964-70 (t
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elationship for styrene became nega
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atio, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.1-17 in multip
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controls versus 32/32 treated). No
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3.4 Intraperitoneal administration
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways f
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STYRENE 483 a maximum and averaged
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(b) Distribution STYRENE 485 An ear
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STYRENE 487 rats with phenobarbital
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STYRENE 489 gavage (100-350 mg/kg b
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CYP2E1 and CYP2F2) inhibited nasal
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model indicated that absorbed styre
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female workers in the glass fibre-r
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STYRENE 497 continuously for seven
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STYRENE 499 exposure concentrations
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STYRENE 501 The frequency of sponta
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STYRENE 503 groups. Only minor gene
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concentrations of styrene in air we
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Table 12. Cytogenetic studies in ly
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Table 13. Genetic and related effec
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(b) Experimental systems (see Table
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STYRENE 515 styrene 7,8-oxide. Joha
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Styrene 7,8-oxide can bind to DNA w
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STYRENE 519 a small and non-signifi
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STYRENE 521 and immune systems, liv
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STYRENE 523 Artuso, M., Angotzi, G.
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STYRENE 525 Brugnone, F., Perbellin
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STYRENE 527 Coccini, T., Maestri, L
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STYRENE 529 Edling, C., Anundi, H.,
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STYRENE 531 Gobba, F., Galassi, C.,
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STYRENE 533 Horvath, E., Pongracz,
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STYRENE 535 logical Study and the I
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STYRENE 537 Linhart, I., Gut, I.,
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STYRENE 539 Miller, S.L., Branoff,
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STYRENE 541 Newhook, R. & Caldwell,
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STYRENE 543 Pryor, G.T., Rebert, C.
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STYRENE 545 Sielken, R.L. & Valdez-
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STYRENE 547 Tsuda, S., Matsusaka, N
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STYRENE 549 Boffetta, P. (1996b) Ex
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Agent SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
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554 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 DGAL:
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556 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 PMTDI
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558 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Aldri
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560 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Benz[
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562 β-Butyrolactone 11, 225 (1976)
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564 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chlor
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566 Cyproterone acetate 72, 49 (199
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568 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Diepo
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570 Ethionamide 13, 83 (1977); Supp
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572 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Haema
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574 L Lasiocarpine 10, 281 (1976);
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576 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Methy
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578 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nicke
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580 O Ochratoxin A 10, 191 (1976);
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582 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Polyb
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584 Rhodamine 6G 16, 233 (1978); Su
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586 Sulfafurazole 24, 275 (1980); S
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588 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 20, 515 (
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590 Y Yellow AB 8, 279 (1975); Supp
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Volume 31 Some Food Additives, Feed
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