IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC ...

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NAPHTHALENE 425 Carcinogens. Methods of Analysis and Exposure Measurement, Vol. 12, Indoor Air (IARC Scientific Publications No. 109), Lyon, IARC, pp. 41–71 Gomez-Belinchon, J.I., Grimalt, J.O. & Albaigès, J. (1991) Volatile organic compounds in two polluted rivers in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). Water Res., 25, 577–589 Gschwend, P. M., Zafiriou, O.C., Mantoura, R.F.C., Schwarzenbach, R.P. & Gagosian, R.B. (1982) Volatile organic compounds at a coastal site. 1. Seasonal variations. Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 31–38 Gunter, B.J. (1984) Sheltered Workshop, Butte, Montana (Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-83-421-1446), Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Hansen, A.M., Omland, Ø., Poulsen, O.M., Sherson, D., Sigsgaard, T., Christensen, J.M. & Overgaard, E. (1994) Correlation between work process-related exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and urinary levels of alpha-naphthol, beta-naphthylamine and 1hydroxypyrene in iron foundry workers. Int. Arch. occup. environ. Health, 65, 385–394 Hardin, B.D., Bond, G.P., Sikov, M.R., Andrew, F.D., Beliles, R.P. & Niemeier, R.W. (1981) Testing of selected workplace chemicals for teratogenic potential. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 7 (Suppl. 4), 66–75 Harper, B.L., Ramanujam, V.M.S., Gad-El-Karim, M.M. & Legator, M.S. (1984) The influence of simple aromatics on benzene clastogenicity. Mutat. Res., 128, 105–114 Hawthorne, S.B. & Sievers, R.E. (1984) Emission of organic air pollutants from shale oil waste waters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 18, 483–490 Heikkilä, P.R., Hämeilä, M., Pyy, L. & Raunu, P. (1987) Exposure to creosote in the impregnation and handling of impregnated wood. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 13, 431–437 Heikkilä, P., Luotamo, M., Pyy, L. & Riihimäki, V. (1995) Urinary 1-naphthol and 1-pyrenol as indicators of exposure to coal tar products. Int. Arch. occup. environ. Health, 67, 211–217 Heikkilä, P.R., Luotamo, M. & Riihimäki, V. (1997) Urinary 1-naphthol excretion in the assessment of exposure to creosote in an impregnation facility. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 23, 199–205 Heitkamp, M.A., Freeman, J.P. & Cerniglia, C.E. (1987) Naphthalene biodegradation in environmental microcosms: Estimates of degradation rates and characterization of metabolites. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 53, 129–136 Heitzer, A., Webb, O.F., Thonnard, J.E. & Sayler, G.S. (1992) Specific and quantitative assessment of naphthalene and salicylate bioavailability by using a bioluminescent catabolic reporter bacterium. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 58, 1839–1846 Hermann, M. (1981) Synergistic effects of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the mutagenicity of their mixtures. Mutat. Res., 90, 399–409 van Heyningen, R. (1979) Naphthalene cataract in rats and rabbits: A resumé. Exp. Eye Res., 28, 435–439 Hicks, J.B. (1995) Asphalt industry cross-sectional exposure assessment study. Appl. occup. environ. Hyg., 10, 840–848 Hill, R.H., Jr, Head, S.L., Baker, S., Gregg, M., Shealy, D.B., Bailey, S.L., Williams, C.C., Sampson, E.J. & Needham, L.L. (1995) Pesticide residues in urine of adults living in the United States: Reference range concentrations. Environ. Res., 71, 99–108 Ho, Y.L. & Ho, S.K. (1981) Screening of carcinogens with the prophage λcIts857 induction test. Cancer Res., 41, 532–536
426 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ho, C.-H., Clark, B. R., Guerin, M. R., Barkenbus, B. D., Rao, T. K. & Epler, J. L. (1981) Analytical and biological analyses of test materials from the synthetic fuel technologies. IV. Studies of chemical structure–mutagenic activity relationships of aromatic nitrogen compounds relevant to synfuels. Mutat. Res., 85, 335–345 Holmén, J.B., Ekesten, B. & Lundgren, B. (1999) Naphthalene-induced cataract model in rats: A comparative study between slit and retroillumination images, biochemical changes and naphthalene dose and duration. Curr. Eye Res. 19, 418–425 Honda, T., Kiyozumi, M. & Kojima, S. (1990) Alkylnaphthalene. XI. Pulmonary toxicity of naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and isopropylnaphthalenes in mice. Chem. pharm. Bull., 38, 3130–3135 Horning, M.G., Stillwell, W.G., Griffin, G.W. & Tsang, W.-S. (1980) Epoxide intermediates in the metabolism of naphthalene by the rat. Drug Metab. Disp., 8, 404–414 Howard, P.H. (1989) Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Chelsea, MI, Lewis Publishers, pp. 408–421 Hung, I.-F., Fan, H.-F. & Lee, T.-S. (1992) Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor air. Bull. environ. Contam. Toxicol., 48, 579–584 IARC (1985) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 35, Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 4, Bitumens, Coal-tars and Derived Products, Shale-oils and Soots, Lyon, IARCPress, pp. 83–159 IARC (1989) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 45, Occupational Exposures in Petroleum Refining; Crude Oil and Major Petroleum Fuels, Lyon, IARCPress, pp. 39–117 International Labour Office (1991) Occupational Exposure Limits for Airborne Toxic Substances, 3rd Ed. (Occupational Safety and Health Series), Geneva Iyer, P., Gollahon, L.S., Martin, J.E. & Irvin, T. R. (1990) Evaluation of the in-vitro growth of rodent preimplantation embryos exposed to naphthalene in vivo (Abstract). Toxicologist, 10, 274 Iyer, P., Martin, J.E. & Irvin, T.R. (1991) Role of biotransformation in the in vitro preimplantation embryotoxicity of naphthalene. Toxicology, 66, 257–270 Jerina, D.M., Daly, J.W., Witkop, B., Zaltzman-Nirenberg, Z. & Udenfriend, S. (1970) 1,2- Naphthalene oxide as an intermediate in the microsomal hydroxylation of naphthalene. Biochemistry, 9, 147–156 Kaden, D.A., Hites, R.A. & Thilly, W.G. (1979) Mutagenicity of soot and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Salmonella typhimurium. Cancer Res., 39, 4152–4159 Kanekal, S., Plopper, C., Morin, D. & Buckpitt, A. (1990) Metabolic activation and bronchiolar Clara cell necrosis from naphthalene in the isolated perfused mouse lung. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 252, 428–437 Kanekal, S., Plopper, C., Morin, D. & Buckpitt, A. (1991) Metabolism and cytotoxicity of naphthalene oxide in the isolated perfused mouse lung. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 256, 391–401 Kanikkannan, N., Patel, R., Jackson, T., Shaik, M.S. & Singh, M. (2001a) Percutaneous absorption and skin irritation of JP-8 (jet fuel). Toxicology, 161, 1–11 Kanikkannan, N., Burton, S., Patel, R., Jackson, T., Shaik, M.S. & Singh, M. (2001b) Percutaneous permeation and skin irritation of JP-8 + 100 jet fuel in a porcine model. Toxicol. Lett., 119, 133–142
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATI
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IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the Intern
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iv IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.2 Th
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vi IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 SOME M
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IARC WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATIO
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PARTICIPANTS 5 Observer, representi
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PREAMBLE
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10 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 plasms
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12 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 collec
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14 agents present. For processes, i
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16 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Finall
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18 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and mi
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20 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (c) St
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22 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 may le
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24 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 It is
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26 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Data r
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28 when there is strong evidence th
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30 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Vol. 7
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GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES
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44 which may include, for example,
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46 2. Use of Traditional Herbal Med
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48 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 decade
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50 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
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52 3.2.1 Definition of herbal medic
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54 3.2.8 Individual supply Herbal m
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58 3.3.2 Germany (see Kraft, 1999;
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60 beyond placebo, and this informa
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62 3.3.5 Canada The Canadian Food a
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64 of adverse reactions to OTC drug
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66 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.3.12
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68 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jellin
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70 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Simila
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72 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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74 diameter of 4-6 cm or more, lobe
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76 1.2 Use 1.2.1 Aristolochia conto
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78 1.3.3 Aristolochia fangchi Compo
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80 1.6.2 Structural and molecular f
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82 chromatographic separation with
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84 may contain aristolochic acids.
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86 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 A bila
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88 received distilled water. The an
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90 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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92 varied from undetectable (< 0.02
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94 lochic acids enhanced immune res
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96 4.4 Genetic and related effects
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Table 3 (contd) Details of study DN
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Table 4. DNA adduct formation with
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Table 4 (contd) Details of study Co
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Table 5 (contd) Species Treatment I
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Table 6. DNA adduct formation by ar
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 7. Polymerase action on arist
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Table 8 (contd) Test system Drosoph
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116 of the forestomach and lung of
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118 lochic acid II (three metabolit
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120 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Che,
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122 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Healt
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124 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nishi
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126 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schme
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128 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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130 Figure 1. Morinda officinalis H
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132 1.3.2 Morinda officinalis A num
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134 by Soxhlet extraction with ethy
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136 2.1 Case-control studies 2.1.1
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138 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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140 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylan
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142 4.3 Reproductive and developmen
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Table 1 (contd) Test system Result
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146 5.1 Exposure data 5. Summary of
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148 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Brigg
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150 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nusko
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D. SENECIO SPECIES AND RIDDELLIINE
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metry (Witte et al., 1992). Thin-la
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sex were killed after a seven-week
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4.2.2 Experimental systems SOME TRA
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Table 1. Genetic and related effect
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Riddelliine induced unscheduled DNA
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5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data In
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES 1
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SOME MYCOTOXINS
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172 Aflatoxin G 1 IARC MONOGRAPHS V
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Table 2 (contd) Method no. Aflatoxi
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178 indicates that A. flavus and A.
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Table 4. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1
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182 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 aflat
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Table 6. Co-occurrence of aflatoxin
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186 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figur
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188 1.4 International exposure esti
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190 (c) Impact of establishing maxi
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192 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 used
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Table 10 (contd) Reference Area Uni
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198 were collapsed into a conventio
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Table 11 (contd) Reference Area Stu
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202 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 histo
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204 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 resid
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Table 12. Summary of principal case
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208 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 disea
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210 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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212 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 diet
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214 3.4 Administration with known c
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216 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The 8
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218 observed in rat liver slices, a
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222 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 an α
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224 (mainly hepatocellular carcinom
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226 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 but i
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228 lordosis and reduction in conce
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232 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 sampl
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234 In eight subjects (four from Ho
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240 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 anima
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242 difference between the two stud
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244 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 HBV-t
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246 In a large cohort study in Shan
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248 experimental data in showing th
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250 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ander
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252 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Buetl
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254 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Denis
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256 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Galla
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258 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Heino
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260 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jalon
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262 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Kirk,
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264 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lunn,
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266 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Olubu
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268 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Roll,
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270 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Stett
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272 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Verge
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274 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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Table 1. IARC evaluations Previous
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278 kernels and in less than 0.1% o
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280 2.5.3 Cottonseed A. flavus is a
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294 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 8. Re
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296 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Guo,
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298 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Marti
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300 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Sharm
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302 (d ) Solubility: Soluble in wat
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304 1.4 Occurrence Fumonisins have
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306 Table 1 (contd) IARC MONOGRAPHS
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308 (c) Formation in commodities ot
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312 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.1 O
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314 3.2.2 Rat IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUM
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316 with NDEA and fumonisin B 1, wh
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318 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 In pi
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Figure 2. Allometric relationship b
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322 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 obser
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324 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hepat
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326 4.2.3 Related studies IARC MONO
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328 4.3.2 Experimental systems IARC
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330 and litters on postnatal day 21
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Table 4. Genetic and related effect
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334 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The f
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336 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (d )
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338 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 treat
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340 4.5.2 Interference with fatty a
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344 5.2 Human carcinogenicity data
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346 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alber
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348 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chamb
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350 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Floss
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352 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hiroo
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354 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lee,
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356 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Mobio
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358 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Prelu
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360 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Savar
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362 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Steve
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364 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Flett
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366 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yu, C
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368 disulfide, carbon tetrachloride
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Table 1 (contd) Sample matrix Sampl
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Table 3. Naphthalene production (th
Page 381 and 382: 374 1.4 Occurrence 1.4.1 Natural oc
Page 383 and 384: Table 5. Occupational exposure to n
Page 385 and 386: 378 water assuming a water concentr
Page 387 and 388: 380 (Scheepers & Bos, 1992). The av
Page 389 and 390: 382 (d ) Biodegradation Studies on
Page 391 and 392: 384 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
Page 393 and 394: 386 3.2 Inhalation exposure 3.2.1 M
Page 395 and 396: 388 3.3.2 Rat Ten BD I and BD III r
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Page 403 and 404: 396 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 1-240
Page 405 and 406: 398 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Perfu
Page 407 and 408: 400 Siegel and Wason (1986) reviewe
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Page 411 and 412: 404 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 to id
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Page 417 and 418: 410 had deficient glucose-6-phospha
Page 419 and 420: Table 10. Genetic and related effec
Page 421 and 422: Table 10 (contd) Test system Micron
Page 423 and 424: 416 assay with or without metabolic
Page 425 and 426: 418 There is some evidence of devel
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Page 437 and 438: 430 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 O’B
Page 439 and 440: 432 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schee
Page 441 and 442: 434 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Versc
Page 444 and 445: STYRENE This substance was consider
Page 446 and 447: EPA Method 8260B can be used to det
Page 448 and 449: Styrene is produced mainly by catal
Page 450 and 451: STYRENE 443 Table 3. Use patterns f
Page 452 and 453: STYRENE 445 most samples taken from
Page 454 and 455: STYRENE 447 successive layers of ch
Page 456 and 457: Table 4 (contd) Country and year of
Page 458 and 459: Table 5. Biological monitoring of o
Page 460 and 461: STYRENE 453 Since 1990, the long-te
Page 462 and 463: same products resulted in exposures
Page 464 and 465: STYRENE 457 Ambient air monitoring
Page 466 and 467: 200 μg/kg, although 77% of the foo
Page 468 and 469: Table 8 (contd) Country or region Y
Page 470 and 471: 2.1 Case reports 2. Studies of Canc
Page 472 and 473: Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
Page 474 and 475: Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
Page 476 and 477: STYRENE 469 (95% CI, 1.4-5.2; 10 de
Page 478 and 479: who had been employed in 1964-70 (t
Page 480 and 481: elationship for styrene became nega
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atio, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.1-17 in multip
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controls versus 32/32 treated). No
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3.4 Intraperitoneal administration
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways f
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STYRENE 483 a maximum and averaged
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(b) Distribution STYRENE 485 An ear
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STYRENE 487 rats with phenobarbital
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STYRENE 489 gavage (100-350 mg/kg b
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CYP2E1 and CYP2F2) inhibited nasal
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model indicated that absorbed styre
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female workers in the glass fibre-r
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STYRENE 497 continuously for seven
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STYRENE 499 exposure concentrations
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STYRENE 501 The frequency of sponta
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STYRENE 503 groups. Only minor gene
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concentrations of styrene in air we
Page 514 and 515:
Table 12. Cytogenetic studies in ly
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Table 13. Genetic and related effec
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(b) Experimental systems (see Table
Page 520 and 521:
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STYRENE 515 styrene 7,8-oxide. Joha
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Styrene 7,8-oxide can bind to DNA w
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STYRENE 519 a small and non-signifi
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STYRENE 521 and immune systems, liv
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STYRENE 523 Artuso, M., Angotzi, G.
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STYRENE 525 Brugnone, F., Perbellin
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STYRENE 527 Coccini, T., Maestri, L
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STYRENE 529 Edling, C., Anundi, H.,
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STYRENE 531 Gobba, F., Galassi, C.,
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STYRENE 533 Horvath, E., Pongracz,
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STYRENE 535 logical Study and the I
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STYRENE 537 Linhart, I., Gut, I.,
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STYRENE 539 Miller, S.L., Branoff,
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STYRENE 541 Newhook, R. & Caldwell,
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STYRENE 543 Pryor, G.T., Rebert, C.
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STYRENE 545 Sielken, R.L. & Valdez-
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STYRENE 547 Tsuda, S., Matsusaka, N
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STYRENE 549 Boffetta, P. (1996b) Ex
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Agent SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
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554 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 DGAL:
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556 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 PMTDI
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558 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Aldri
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560 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Benz[
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562 β-Butyrolactone 11, 225 (1976)
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564 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chlor
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566 Cyproterone acetate 72, 49 (199
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568 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Diepo
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570 Ethionamide 13, 83 (1977); Supp
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572 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Haema
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574 L Lasiocarpine 10, 281 (1976);
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576 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Methy
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578 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nicke
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580 O Ochratoxin A 10, 191 (1976);
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582 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Polyb
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584 Rhodamine 6G 16, 233 (1978); Su
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586 Sulfafurazole 24, 275 (1980); S
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588 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 20, 515 (
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590 Y Yellow AB 8, 279 (1975); Supp
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Volume 31 Some Food Additives, Feed
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