IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC ...

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STYRENE 547 Tsuda, S., Matsusaka, N., Madarame, H., Miyamae, Y., Ishida, K., Satoh, M., Sekihashi, K. & Sasaki, Y.F. (2000) The alkaline single cell electrophoresis assay with eight mouse organs: Results with 22 mono-functional alkylating agents (including 9 dialkyl N-nitrosamines) and 10 DNA crosslinkers. Mutat. Res., 467, 83–98 Tulinska, J., Dusinska, M., Jahnova, E., Liskova, A., Kuricova, M., Vodicka, P., Vodickova, L., Sulcova, M. & Fuortes, L. (2000) Changes in cellular immunity among workers occupationally exposed to styrene in a plastics lamination plant. Am. J. ind. Med., 38, 576–583 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2002) IRPTC Data Profiles on Styrene, Geneva Uusküla, M., Järventaus, H., Hirvonen, A., Sorsa, M. & Norppa, H. (1995) Influence of GSTM1 genotype on sister chromatid exchange induction by styrene-7,8-oxide and 1,2-epoxy-3butene in cultured human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis, 16, 947–950 Vaghef, H. & Hellman, B. (1998) Detection of styrene and styrene oxide-induced DNA damage in various organs of mice using the comet assay. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 83, 69–74 Van Hummelen, P., Severi, M., Pauwels, W., Roosels, D., Veulemans, H. & Kirsch-Volders, M. (1994) Cytogenetic analysis of lymphocytes from fiberglass-reinforced plastics workers occupationally exposed to styrene. Mutat. Res., 310, 157–165 Van Rees, H. (1974) The partition coefficients of styrene between blood and air and between oil and blood. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed., 12, 39–47 Varner, S. & Breder, C. (1981) Headspace sampling and gas chromatographic determination of styrene migration from food-contact polystyrene cups into beverages and food stimulants. J. Assoc. off. anal. Chem., 64, 1122–1130 Verplanke, A.J.W. & Herber, R.F.M. (1998) Effects on the kidney of occupational exposure to styrene. Int. Arch. occup. environ. Health, 71, 47–52 Vettori, M.V., Corradi, D., Coccini, T., Carta, A., Cavazzini, S., Manzo, L. & Mutti, A. (2000) Styrene-induced changes in amacrine retinal cells: An experimental study in the rat. Neurotoxicology, 21, 607–614 Viaene, M.K., Pauwels, W., Veulemans, H., Roels, H.A. & Masschelein, R. (2001) Neurobehavioural changes and persistence of complaints in workers exposed to styrene in a polyester boat building plant: Influence of exposure characteristics and microsomal epoxide hydrolase phenotype. Occup. environ. Med., 58, 103–112 Viau, C., Bernard, A., De Russis, R., Ouled, A., Maldague, P. & Lauwerys, R. (1987) Evaluation of the nephrotoxic potential of styrene in man and in rat. J. appl. Toxicol., 7, 313–316 Vodicka, P., Vodicková, L. & Hemminki, K. (1993) 32 P-Postlabeling of DNA adducts of styreneexposed lamination workers. Carcinogenesis, 14, 2059–2061 Vodicka, P., Vodicková, L., Trejbalová, K., Srám, R.J. & Hemminki, K. (1994) Persistence of O 6 - guanine DNA adducts in styrene-exposed lamination workers determined by 32 P-postlabelling. Carcinogenesis, 15, 1949–1953 Vodicka, P., Bastlová, T., Vodicková, L., Peterková, K., Lambert, B. & Hemminki, K. (1995) Biomarkers of styrene exposure in lamination workers: Levels of O 6 -guanine DNA adducts, DNA strand breaks and mutant frequencies in the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene in T-lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis, 16, 1473–1481 Vodicka, P., Stetina, R., Kumar, R., Plna, K. & Hemminki, K. (1996) 7-Alkylguanine adducts of styrene oxide determined by 32 P-postlabelling in DNA and human embryonal lung fibroblasts (HEL). Carcinogenesis, 17, 801–808
548 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Vodicka, P., Tvrdik, T., Osterman-Golkar, S., Vodicková, L., Peterková, K., Soucek, P., Sarmanová, J., Farmer, P.B., Granath, F., Lambert, B. & Hemminki, K. (1999) An evaluation of styrene genotoxicity using several biomarkers in a 3-year follow-up study of hand-lamination workers. Mutat. Res., 445, 205–224 Vyskocil, A., Emminger, S., Malir, F., Fiala, Z., Tusl, M., Ettlerova, E. & Bernard, A. (1989) Lack of nephrotoxicity of styrene at current TLV level (50 ppm). Int. Arch. occup. environ. Health, 61, 409–411 Wallace, L.A. (1986) Personal exposures, indoor and outdoor air concentrations, and exhaled breath concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds measured for 600 residents of New Jersey, North Dakota, North Carolina, and California. Toxicol. environ. Chem., 12, 215–236 Wallace, L.A., Pellizzari, E.D., Hartwell, T.D., Sparacino, C.M., Sheldon, L.S. & Zelon, H. (1985) Personal exposures, indoor-outdoor relationships, and breath levels of toxic air pollutants measured for 355 persons in New Jersey, USA. Atmos. Environ., 19, 1651–1661 Wallace, L.A., Pellizzari, E.D., Hartwell, T.D., Perritt, R. & Ziegenfus, R. (1987) Exposures to benzene and other volatile compounds from active and passive smoking. Arch. environ. Health, 42, 272–279 Wallace, L.A., Pellizzari, E.D., Hartwell, T.D., Davis, V., Michael, L.C. & Whitmore, R.W. (1989) The influence of personal activities on exposure to volatile organic compounds. Environ. Res., 50, 37–55 Walles, S.A.S., Edling, C., Anundi, H. & Johanson, G. (1993) Exposure dependent increase in DNA single strand breaks in leucocytes from workers exposed to low concentrations of styrene. Br. J. ind. Med., 50, 570–574 Wang, Y., Kupper, L.L., Löf, A. & Rappaport, S.M. (1996) Comparison of average estimated metabolic rates for styrene in previously exposed and unexposed groups with pharmacokinetic modelling. Occup. environ. Med., 53, 601–605 Watabe, T., Isobe, M., Yoshikawa, K. & Takabatake, E. (1978) Studies on metabolism and toxicity of styrene. I. Biotransformation of styrene to styrene glycol via styrene oxide by rat liver microsomes. J. pharm. Dyn., 1, 98–104 Watabe, T., Ozawa, N. & Yoshikawa, K. (1981) Stereochemistry in the oxidative metabolism of styrene by hepatic microsomes. Biochem. Pharmacol., 30, 1695–1698 Watabe, T., Ozawa, N. & Yoshikawa, K. (1982) Studies on metabolism and toxicity of styrene. V. The metabolism of styrene, racemic, (R)-(+)-, and (S)-(–)-phenyloxiranes in the rat. J. pharm. Dyn., 5, 129–133 Watabe, T., Hiratsuka, A., Sone, T., Ishihama, T. & Endoh, K. (1984) Hepatic microsomal oxidation of styrene to 4-hydroxystyrene 7,8-glycol via 4-hydroxystyrene and its 7,8-oxide as short-lived intermediates. Biochem. Pharmacol., 33, 3101–3103 Weast, R.C. & Astle, M.J. (1985) CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Volumes I and II, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press Inc., p. V2 304 Welp, E., Kogevinas, M., Andersen, A., Bellander, T., Biocca, M., Coggon, D., Esteve, J., Gennaro, V., Kolstad, H., Lundberg, I., Lynge, E., Partanen, T., Spence, A., Boffetta, P. Ferro, G. & Saracci, R. (1996a) Exposure to styrene and mortality from nervous system diseases and mental disorders. Am. J. Epidemiol., 144, 623–633 Welp, E., Partanen, T., Kogevinas, M., Andersen, A., Bellander, T., Biocca, M., Coggon, D., Gennaro, V., Kolstad, H., Lundberg, I., Lynge, E., Spence, A., Ferro, G., Saracci, R. &
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATI
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IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the Intern
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iv IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.2 Th
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vi IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 SOME M
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IARC WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATIO
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PARTICIPANTS 5 Observer, representi
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PREAMBLE
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10 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 plasms
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12 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 collec
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14 agents present. For processes, i
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16 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Finall
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18 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and mi
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20 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (c) St
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22 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 may le
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24 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 It is
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26 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Data r
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28 when there is strong evidence th
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30 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Vol. 7
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GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES
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44 which may include, for example,
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46 2. Use of Traditional Herbal Med
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48 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 decade
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50 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Table
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52 3.2.1 Definition of herbal medic
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54 3.2.8 Individual supply Herbal m
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58 3.3.2 Germany (see Kraft, 1999;
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60 beyond placebo, and this informa
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62 3.3.5 Canada The Canadian Food a
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64 of adverse reactions to OTC drug
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66 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.3.12
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68 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jellin
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70 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Simila
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72 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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74 diameter of 4-6 cm or more, lobe
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76 1.2 Use 1.2.1 Aristolochia conto
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78 1.3.3 Aristolochia fangchi Compo
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80 1.6.2 Structural and molecular f
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82 chromatographic separation with
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84 may contain aristolochic acids.
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86 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 A bila
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88 received distilled water. The an
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90 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figure
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92 varied from undetectable (< 0.02
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94 lochic acids enhanced immune res
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96 4.4 Genetic and related effects
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Table 3 (contd) Details of study DN
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Table 4. DNA adduct formation with
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Table 4 (contd) Details of study Co
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Table 5 (contd) Species Treatment I
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Table 6. DNA adduct formation by ar
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 7. Polymerase action on arist
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Table 8 (contd) Test system Drosoph
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116 of the forestomach and lung of
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118 lochic acid II (three metabolit
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120 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Che,
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122 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Healt
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124 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nishi
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126 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schme
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128 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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130 Figure 1. Morinda officinalis H
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132 1.3.2 Morinda officinalis A num
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134 by Soxhlet extraction with ethy
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136 2.1 Case-control studies 2.1.1
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138 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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140 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylan
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142 4.3 Reproductive and developmen
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Table 1 (contd) Test system Result
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146 5.1 Exposure data 5. Summary of
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148 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Brigg
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150 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Nusko
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D. SENECIO SPECIES AND RIDDELLIINE
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metry (Witte et al., 1992). Thin-la
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sex were killed after a seven-week
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4.2.2 Experimental systems SOME TRA
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Table 1. Genetic and related effect
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Riddelliine induced unscheduled DNA
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5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data In
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES 1
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SOME MYCOTOXINS
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172 Aflatoxin G 1 IARC MONOGRAPHS V
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Table 2 (contd) Method no. Aflatoxi
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178 indicates that A. flavus and A.
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Table 4. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1
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182 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 aflat
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Table 6. Co-occurrence of aflatoxin
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186 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Figur
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188 1.4 International exposure esti
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190 (c) Impact of establishing maxi
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192 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 used
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Table 10 (contd) Reference Area Uni
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198 were collapsed into a conventio
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Table 11 (contd) Reference Area Stu
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202 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 histo
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204 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 resid
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Table 12. Summary of principal case
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208 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 disea
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210 3. Studies of Cancer in Experim
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212 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 diet
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214 3.4 Administration with known c
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216 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The 8
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218 observed in rat liver slices, a
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222 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 an α
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224 (mainly hepatocellular carcinom
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226 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 but i
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228 lordosis and reduction in conce
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232 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 sampl
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234 In eight subjects (four from Ho
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Table 16 (contd) Test system Result
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240 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 anima
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242 difference between the two stud
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244 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 HBV-t
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246 In a large cohort study in Shan
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248 experimental data in showing th
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250 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ander
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252 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Buetl
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254 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Denis
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256 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Galla
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258 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Heino
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260 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Jalon
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262 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Kirk,
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264 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lunn,
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266 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Olubu
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268 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Roll,
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270 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Stett
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272 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Verge
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274 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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Table 1. IARC evaluations Previous
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278 kernels and in less than 0.1% o
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280 2.5.3 Cottonseed A. flavus is a
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294 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 8. Re
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296 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Guo,
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298 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Marti
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300 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Sharm
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302 (d ) Solubility: Soluble in wat
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304 1.4 Occurrence Fumonisins have
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306 Table 1 (contd) IARC MONOGRAPHS
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308 (c) Formation in commodities ot
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312 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.1 O
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314 3.2.2 Rat IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUM
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316 with NDEA and fumonisin B 1, wh
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318 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 In pi
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Figure 2. Allometric relationship b
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322 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 obser
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324 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hepat
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326 4.2.3 Related studies IARC MONO
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328 4.3.2 Experimental systems IARC
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330 and litters on postnatal day 21
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Table 4. Genetic and related effect
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334 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The f
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336 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (d )
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338 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 treat
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340 4.5.2 Interference with fatty a
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344 5.2 Human carcinogenicity data
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346 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alber
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348 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chamb
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350 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Floss
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352 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hiroo
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354 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lee,
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356 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Mobio
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358 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Prelu
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360 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Savar
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362 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Steve
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364 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Flett
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366 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yu, C
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368 disulfide, carbon tetrachloride
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Table 1 (contd) Sample matrix Sampl
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Table 3. Naphthalene production (th
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374 1.4 Occurrence 1.4.1 Natural oc
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Table 5. Occupational exposure to n
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378 water assuming a water concentr
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380 (Scheepers & Bos, 1992). The av
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382 (d ) Biodegradation Studies on
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386 3.2 Inhalation exposure 3.2.1 M
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388 3.3.2 Rat Ten BD I and BD III r
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways o
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392 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and t
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394 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and 1
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396 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 1-240
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398 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Perfu
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400 Siegel and Wason (1986) reviewe
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402 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 liver
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404 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 to id
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406 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Alkal
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408 hyperplasia, atrophy, chronic i
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410 had deficient glucose-6-phospha
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Table 10. Genetic and related effec
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Table 10 (contd) Test system Micron
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416 assay with or without metabolic
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418 There is some evidence of devel
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420 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Bjør
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422 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Conkl
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424 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Envir
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426 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Ho, C
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428 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Lynch
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430 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 O’B
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432 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Schee
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434 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Versc
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STYRENE This substance was consider
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EPA Method 8260B can be used to det
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Styrene is produced mainly by catal
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STYRENE 443 Table 3. Use patterns f
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STYRENE 445 most samples taken from
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STYRENE 447 successive layers of ch
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Table 4 (contd) Country and year of
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Table 5. Biological monitoring of o
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STYRENE 453 Since 1990, the long-te
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same products resulted in exposures
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STYRENE 457 Ambient air monitoring
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200 μg/kg, although 77% of the foo
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Table 8 (contd) Country or region Y
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2.1 Case reports 2. Studies of Canc
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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STYRENE 469 (95% CI, 1.4-5.2; 10 de
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who had been employed in 1964-70 (t
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elationship for styrene became nega
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atio, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.1-17 in multip
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controls versus 32/32 treated). No
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3.4 Intraperitoneal administration
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Figure 1. Main metabolic pathways f
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STYRENE 483 a maximum and averaged
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(b) Distribution STYRENE 485 An ear
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STYRENE 487 rats with phenobarbital
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STYRENE 489 gavage (100-350 mg/kg b
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CYP2E1 and CYP2F2) inhibited nasal
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model indicated that absorbed styre
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female workers in the glass fibre-r
Page 504 and 505: STYRENE 497 continuously for seven
Page 506 and 507: STYRENE 499 exposure concentrations
Page 508 and 509: STYRENE 501 The frequency of sponta
Page 510 and 511: STYRENE 503 groups. Only minor gene
Page 512 and 513: concentrations of styrene in air we
Page 514 and 515: Table 12. Cytogenetic studies in ly
Page 516 and 517: Table 13. Genetic and related effec
Page 518 and 519: (b) Experimental systems (see Table
Page 520 and 521: Table 14 (contd) Test system Result
Page 522 and 523: STYRENE 515 styrene 7,8-oxide. Joha
Page 524 and 525: Styrene 7,8-oxide can bind to DNA w
Page 526 and 527: STYRENE 519 a small and non-signifi
Page 528 and 529: STYRENE 521 and immune systems, liv
Page 530 and 531: STYRENE 523 Artuso, M., Angotzi, G.
Page 532 and 533: STYRENE 525 Brugnone, F., Perbellin
Page 534 and 535: STYRENE 527 Coccini, T., Maestri, L
Page 536 and 537: STYRENE 529 Edling, C., Anundi, H.,
Page 538 and 539: STYRENE 531 Gobba, F., Galassi, C.,
Page 540 and 541: STYRENE 533 Horvath, E., Pongracz,
Page 542 and 543: STYRENE 535 logical Study and the I
Page 544 and 545: STYRENE 537 Linhart, I., Gut, I.,
Page 546 and 547: STYRENE 539 Miller, S.L., Branoff,
Page 548 and 549: STYRENE 541 Newhook, R. & Caldwell,
Page 550 and 551: STYRENE 543 Pryor, G.T., Rebert, C.
Page 552 and 553: STYRENE 545 Sielken, R.L. & Valdez-
Page 556 and 557: STYRENE 549 Boffetta, P. (1996b) Ex
Page 558: Agent SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
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Page 563 and 564: 556 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 PMTDI
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Page 567 and 568: 560 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Benz[
Page 569 and 570: 562 β-Butyrolactone 11, 225 (1976)
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Page 575 and 576: 568 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Diepo
Page 577 and 578: 570 Ethionamide 13, 83 (1977); Supp
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Page 581 and 582: 574 L Lasiocarpine 10, 281 (1976);
Page 583 and 584: 576 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Methy
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Page 587 and 588: 580 O Ochratoxin A 10, 191 (1976);
Page 589 and 590: 582 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Polyb
Page 591 and 592: 584 Rhodamine 6G 16, 233 (1978); Su
Page 593 and 594: 586 Sulfafurazole 24, 275 (1980); S
Page 595 and 596: 588 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 20, 515 (
Page 597 and 598: 590 Y Yellow AB 8, 279 (1975); Supp
Page 599 and 600: Volume 31 Some Food Additives, Feed
Page 601: All IARC publications are available
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