IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC ...

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SOME TRADITI<strong>ON</strong>AL HERBAL MEDICINES
Page 1 and 2: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATI
Page 3 and 4: IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the Intern
Page 5 and 6: iv IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 3.2 Th
Page 7 and 8: vi IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 SOME M
Page 10 and 11: IARC WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATIO
Page 12 and 13: PARTICIPANTS 5 Observer, representi
Page 14: PREAMBLE
Page 17 and 18: 10 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 plasms
Page 19 and 20: 12 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 collec
Page 21 and 22: 14 agents present. For processes, i
Page 23 and 24: 16 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Finall
Page 25 and 26: 18 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 and mi
Page 27 and 28: 20 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (c) St
Page 29 and 30: 22 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 may le
Page 31 and 32: 24 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 It is
Page 33 and 34: 26 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Data r
Page 35 and 36: 28 when there is strong evidence th
Page 37 and 38: 30 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Vol. 7
Page 40 and 41: GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
Page 42 and 43: GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
Page 44: GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SUBSTANCES C
Page 50 and 51: A. INTRODUCTION 1. History of Use o
Page 52 and 53: SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES 4
Page 54 and 55: Table 1. The global nutrition produ
Page 58 and 59: The document covered such topics as
Page 60 and 61: only references to published data f
Page 62 and 63: 3.2.12 Advertising, distribution an
Page 64 and 65: Table 5 (contd) Medicinal plant Pla
Page 72 and 73: Class 4 (1) Preparation with a chan
Page 76 and 77: B. ARISTOLOCHIA SPECIES AND ARISTOL
Page 78 and 79: Figure 1. Aristolochia contorta Bun
Page 80 and 81: yellow bark and a wood with broad,
Page 82 and 83: Figure 4. Aristolochia fangchi nous
Page 84 and 85: 1.3.1 Aristolochia contorta and Ari
Page 86 and 87: Antitumour action: Aristoloside, ar
Page 88 and 89: 1.6.4 Analysis SOME TRADITIONAL HER
Page 90 and 91: Nishida & Fukami, 1989a,b; Nishida
Page 92 and 93: In 1992, a cluster of patients with
Page 94 and 95: Aristolochic acids 3. Studies of Ca
Page 96 and 97: 11 rats on day 105 in the high-dose
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metabolites determined for aristolo
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES 9
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Table 3. DNA adduct formation in Ch
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Table 4 (contd) Details of study Co
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Table 5. Mutations in oncogenes fou
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Table 6 (contd) Test system Assay D
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Table 8. Genetic and related effect
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aristolochic acids I and II were no
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5.2 Human carcinogenicity data An o
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C. RUBIA TINCTORUM, MORINDA OFFICIN
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potential carcinogenicity. 1,8-Dihy
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1.5.2 Structural and molecular form
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1.5.7 Occurrence 1-Hydroxyanthraqui
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Group noted some discrepancies with
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for those of second and third group
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1-Hydroxyanthraquinone (a) Humans N
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Table 1. Genetic and related effect
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four days). In hepatic tissue, 1.16
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5.4 Other relevant data 1-Hydroxyan
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154 Four pyrrolizidine alkaloids ha
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156 Riddelliine Oral administration
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158 Figure 1. Metabolism of riddell
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160 4.3 Reproductive and developmen
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Table 1 (contd) Test system Result
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164 19 H2C OH H 20 H2C C C 14 13 12
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166 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chan,
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168 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Yang,
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AFLATOXINS These substances were co
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Aflatoxin G 2 Chem. Abstr. Services
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Table 2. Analytical methods validat
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1.2 Sources, production and use 1.2
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1.3 Formation and occurrence 1.3.1
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Table 4 (contd) Product Region/Coun
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Dietary intake of aflatoxin B 1 was
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Table 7. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1
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Thailand (median concentration, 0.6
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oader range of foods than had been
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AFLATOXINS 191 (a) Estimates of afl
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1.5 Regulations and guidelines AFLA
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Table 10. Summary of the principal
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Table 10 (contd) Reference Area Uni
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Table 11. Summary of the principal
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Table 11 (contd) Reference Area Stu
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AFLATOXINS 203 rose to 5.5 (95% CI,
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aflatoxin M 1. No significant corre
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Table 12 (contd) Reference Area Stu
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in central Sudan (Omer et al., 1998
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3.2 Oral administration of ammoniat
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aflatoxin M 1 resulted in tumour in
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days per week for four months follo
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AFLATOXINS 217 reduction of the dia
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AFLATOXINS 219 Figure 3. Metabolic
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GSTs, namely hGSTA1-1 and hGSTA2-2,
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4.2 Toxic effects 4.2.1 Humans Repo
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Several studies have been reported
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Aflatoxins were detected in 14 of 6
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AFLATOXINS 229 to non-HBV-infected
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Table 15 (contd) Region/country No.
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mutation in non-tumorous liver DNA
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Table 16. Genetic and related effec
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AFLATOXINS 237 aflatoxin-treated ra
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AFLATOXINS 239 coding for arginine.
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AFLATOXINS 241 during DNA replicati
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4.5.2 Modulation of the effects of
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Thus overall, there is potential fo
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genicity of naturally occurring mix
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AFLATOXINS 249 override the importa
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AFLATOXINS 251 Barraud, L., Guerret
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AFLATOXINS 253 Chen, S.-Y., Chen, C
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AFLATOXINS 255 EN (European Norm) (
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AFLATOXINS 257 Groopman, J.D. & Sab
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AFLATOXINS 259 IARC (1987) IARC Mon
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AFLATOXINS 261 Kazemi-Shirazi, L.,
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AFLATOXINS 263 Lamplugh, S.M., Hend
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AFLATOXINS 265 Montesano, R., Haina
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AFLATOXINS 267 Pitt, J.I., Hocking,
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AFLATOXINS 269 Sengstag, C., Weibel
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AFLATOXINS 271 Tanaka, S., Toh, Y.,
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AFLATOXINS 273 Wild, C.P. & Hall, A
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ANNEX. AFLATOXINS IN FOODS AND FEED
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2.1 Introduction 2. Aflatoxins Afla
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mination is associated mainly with
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Figure 1. Intervention strategies I
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ANNEX 283 (c) Control of aflatoxins
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3.2 Chemical methods The alkali pro
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(Figure 3) of some of the decomposi
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Table 3. Studies on reduction of af
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ANNEX 291 incidence (JECFA, 2001; s
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ANNEX 293 Furthermore, the reduced
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ANNEX 295 Cole, R.J., Hill, R.A., B
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ANNEX 297 JECFA (1998) Safety Evalu
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ANNEX 299 Pitt, J.I. & Miscamble, B
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FUMONISIN B 1 This substance was co
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et al., 1994b), liver, kidney and m
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FUMONISIN B 1 Table 1. Worldwide oc
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FUMONISIN B 1 meal, grits and flaki
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Since fumonisin B 1 is present in t
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FUMONISIN B 1 Table 3. Levels of to
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with freeze-dried or oven-dried die
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A re-evaluation of the renal pathol
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FUMONISIN B 1 The kinetics of absor
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Figure 1. Percentage cumulative rec
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4.2 Toxic effects 4.2.1 Humans As n
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FUMONISIN B 1 Because poultry are v
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FUMONISIN B 1 thymic cortex of the
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B 1/iron-treated group showed fewer
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FUMONISIN B 1 were decreased and th
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4.4.2 Experimental systems (see Tab
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FUMONISIN B 1 Figure 3. Proposed mo
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FUMONISIN B 1 significantly increas
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FUMONISIN B 1 ability of fumonisin
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FUMONISIN B 1 Figure 5. A model for
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Three lines of evidence support the
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aspect of all the various proposed
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FUMONISIN B 1 Blázquez, C., Galve-
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FUMONISIN B 1 Diaz, G.J. & Boermans
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FUMONISIN B 1 Gelderblom, W.C.A., S
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FUMONISIN B 1 Kim, M.S., Lee, D.-T.
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FUMONISIN B 1 Marasas, W.F.O. (1997
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FUMONISIN B 1 Ochor, T.E., Trevatha
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FUMONISIN B 1 Riley, R.T., Showker,
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FUMONISIN B 1 Shephard, G.S., Thiel
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FUMONISIN B 1 Thiel, P.G., Shephard
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FUMONISIN B 1 Wang, D.-S., Sugiura,
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1.1 Chemical and physical data 1.1.
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Table 1. Selected methods for analy
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1.2 Production NAPHTHALENE 371 Naph
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each in Spain and Turkey, three com
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Naphthalene has been measured in a
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Table 5 (contd) Industry Country Ye
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NAPHTHALENE 379 A median naphthalen
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and detected at average concentrati
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Naphthalene was measured in 1987-88
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Case reports 2. Studies of Cancer i
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3.2.2 Rat Groups of 49 male and 49
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4. Other Data Relevant to an Evalua
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Based on BUA (1989) and Agency for
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these naphthols as metabolites. The
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NAPHTHALENE 395 (1979) investigated
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NAPHTHALENE 397 Table 8. Species co
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that derived from the 1R,2S-oxide o
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NAPHTHALENE 401 induction in DBA/2
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NAPHTHALENE 403 were exfoliated and
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Male Swiss Webster mice and male Sp
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NAPHTHALENE 407 monooxygenases in t
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Airways microdissected from male Sw
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esult indicates that the embryotoxi
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B6C3F 1 mice given a single intrape
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5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data Nap
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NAPHTHALENE 419 American Conference
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NAPHTHALENE 421 naphthalene and nap
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NAPHTHALENE 423 Environmental Prote
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NAPHTHALENE 425 Carcinogens. Method
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NAPHTHALENE 427 Kayal, S. & Connell
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NAPHTHALENE 429 Nan, H.-M., Kim, H.
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NAPHTHALENE 431 Propper, R. (1988)
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NAPHTHALENE 433 Stripp, B.R., Maxso
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NAPHTHALENE 435 Worley, G., Erwin,
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438 (e) Spectroscopy data: Infrared
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440 Methods of isotope-dilution GC-
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442 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 produ
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444 1.4 Occurrence A comprehensive
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446 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 In a
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Table 4. Occupational exposure to s
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Table 4 (contd) Country and year of
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452 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 study
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454 Completely insulating personal
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456 (a) Air IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME
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458 (see monograph in this volume);
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460 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The F
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462 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 at th
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Table 10. Characteristics of cohort
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Table 10 (contd) Reference (country
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468 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 worke
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470 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 cance
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472 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 more
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474 mandelic acid samples were coll
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476 3.1.2 Rat Groups of 50 male and
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478 incidence of lung tumours was s
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480 1968; Engström et al., 1978a,b
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482 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Many
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484 Haufroid et al. (2001) examined
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486 (c) Metabolism IARC MONOGRAPHS
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488 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 (1.07
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490 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 high
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492 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 accor
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494 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 posit
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496 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 guine
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498 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 pancr
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500 Styrene caused a dose-dependent
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502 On the basis of these results,
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504 4.4 Genetic and related effects
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506 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 repor
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508 (iv) Protein adducts Christakop
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510 showed increased levels of N7-d
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Table 14. Genetic and related effec
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514 increase in the induction of mi
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516 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 The r
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518 Circulating styrene 7,8-oxide m
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520 The increased risks for lymphat
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522 biologically significant extent
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524 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Berga
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526 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Chakr
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528 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Darra
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530 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Flodi
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532 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Hansc
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534 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Karak
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536 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Latti
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538 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Mäki
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540 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Mutti
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542 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Otten
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544 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Salom
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546 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Sulli
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548 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 Vodic
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550 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 82 pheny
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 555 HPRT: hyp
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CUMULATIVE CROSS INDEX TO IARC MONO
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ortho-Anisidine 27, 63 (1982); Supp
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 561 Beryllium fluo
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 563 Chlorambucil 9
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 565 Clomiphene cit
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 567 Dibenzodioxins
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1,4-Dimethylphenanthrene 32, 349 (1
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Formaldehyde 29, 345 (1982); Suppl.
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Hypochlorite salts 52, 159 (1991) I
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 575 Malondialdehyd
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Methylthiouracil 7, 53 (1974); Supp
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 579 N-Nitrosodieth
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 581 Paracetamol 50
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Pronetalol hydrochloride 13, 227 (1
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 585 Sodium arsenit
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 587 Tetranitrometh
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V Vat Yellow 4 48, 161 (1990) Vinbl
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List of IARC Monographs on the Eval
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Volume 61 Schistosomes, Liver Fluke
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