Perceptual Coherence : Hearing and Seeing

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about poorer performance by creating alternative grouping arrangements that would not affect searching for a single item. Filter Models: Back-Pocket Models The Transition Between Noise and Structure 163 Figure 4.7. Incompatible combinations of orientation and brightness make segregation ambiguous. In (A), segregation due to orientation is effortless. In (B), segregation by orientation is pitted against segregation by brightness and is difficult to perceive. However, in (C) the random variation in brightness does not interfere with segmentation by orientation to the same degree because the random variation does not create an alternative grouping. Adapted from “Different Approaches to the Coding of Visual Segmentation,” by H.-C. Nothdurft, 1997, in M. Jenkin and L. Harris (Eds.), Computational and Psychophysical Mechanisms of Visual Coding (pp. 20–43). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. The above research making use of line segments at differing orientations seems to call for an explanatory model in terms of the simple and complex
164 Perceptual Coherence Figure 4.8. Back-pocket models of segregation can isolate differences in orientation (A) and shape (B). Each dot in every response matrix represents the response of one frequency × orientation receptor at that location. In (A), receptors oriented at 45 0 and 135 0 segment the short lines. In (B), the middle frequency x orientation receptors segment the “+’s” from the “L’s” and “T’s”, but do not segment the “L’s” from the “T’s.” Adapted from “Computational Modeling of Visual Texture Segregation,” by J. R. Bergen and M. S. Landy, 1991, in M. S. Landy and J. A. Movshon (Eds.), Computational Models of Visual Processing (pp. 253-271). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. cells found in the visual cortex (V1). These kinds of models, the so-called back-pocket models of texture segregation, share a common form. 4 All start by assuming that the visual array is filtered by a parallel set of oriented linear cortical cells. To represent each retinal location, the models use anywhere from 16 individual cortical cells that vary in orientation and spatial frequency (4 orientations × 4 spatial frequencies) to 180 cortical cells (18 orientations × 10 frequencies). The output of each orientation × frequency filter is squared to produce an energy measure and then, in the 4. These are termed back pocket because researchers pull the basic form out of their back pockets to make sense of new examples of texture segregation.
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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Perceptual Coherence Hearing and Se
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To My Family, My Parents, and the B
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Preface The purpose of this book is
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Preface ix intertwined with my own
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Contents 1. Basic Concepts 3 2. Tra
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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1 Basic Concepts In the beginning G
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Basic Concepts 5 sources moving in
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even though its appearance changes.
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sources. A single sound source is t
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straight line parallel to the actua
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continuous sound. The correspondenc
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Basic Concepts 15 overall uncertain
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problem. The “snapshots” in spa
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segments at different orientations.
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in amplitude across time (analogous
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Basic Concepts 23 visual experience
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we would expect the correlation to
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Table 2.1 Derivation of the Recepti
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Figure 2.7. Continued
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3 Characteristics of Auditory and V
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Information =−Σ. Pr(x i ) log 2
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Page 126 and 127: valleys” that support the high-fr
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Page 132 and 133: Phase Relationships and Power Laws
Page 134 and 135: systems to be. One possibility woul
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Page 150 and 151: found in V1. Even though the filter
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Page 162 and 163: amplitudes of each picture and foun
Page 164 and 165: 4 The Transition Between Noise (Dis
Page 166 and 167: more cortical levels. For example,
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Page 178 and 179: Figure 4.8. Continued The Transitio
Page 180 and 181: Surface Textures Visual Glass Patte
Page 184 and 185: Figure 4.11. Continued The Transiti
Page 186 and 187: (A) (B) (C) The Transition Between
Page 198 and 199: (A) (B) Warbleness The Transition B
Page 206 and 207: 2000 Hz with a single action potent
Page 208 and 209: The same problem of the multiplicit
Page 210 and 211: order to create the appearance of s
Page 212 and 213: Perception of Motion 199 Figure 5.2
Page 216 and 217: Perception of Motion 203 together.
Page 218 and 219: Perception of Motion 205 (The two f
Page 220 and 221: again, two perceptions can result a
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Perception of Motion 213 Braddick (
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larger arrays and Baddeley and Tirp
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Perception of Motion 217 the judgme
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Perception of Motion 219 one color
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To review, neurons sensitive to mot
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Transparency aftereffects do occur
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Perception of Motion 225 stimuli, t
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Perception of Motion 227 Figure 5.1
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Perception of Motion 231 perception
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Perception of Motion 237 same direc
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Time 1, Tone 1 is turned off, at Ti
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6 Gain Control and External and Int
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a signal-to-noise ratio), and Barlo
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Gain Control and External and Inter
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Suppose we have a background that h
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R Gain Control and External and Int
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Makous (1997) pointed out how diffi
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contrast that defines the boundarie
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per Second Figure 6.10. Continued G
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ane was linear, the higher sound pr
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(C. D. Geisler, 1998; C. D. Geisler
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noise visual field. 4 The S + N inp
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B. Murray, Bennett, and Sekular (20
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The authors proposed that the four
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Efficiency and Noise in Auditory Pr
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etween samples). Spiegel and Green
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In sum, the masking release is grea
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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Visual Worlds Modeling the Light Re
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Indirect Illumination Causing Specu
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of an object but also require the c
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assumed, so that the surface irradi
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Relative Power of Basis Functions S
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that the reflectance of the test co
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amount of light transmitted through
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light reflected by all surfaces in
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magenta to white). Then Bloj et al.
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Why is there opponent processing? O
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8 The Perception of Quality: Audito
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exists at several levels: (a) descr
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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mode is proportional to the relativ
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The overall result is that the rela
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obvious. The tension on the vocal c
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(termed the amplitude envelopes) ar
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obviously misplaced). The majority
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Pastore (1991) investigated whether
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experience. Erickson (2003) found t
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Rhythmic patterning usually gives i
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Let me summarize at this point. The
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the oddball note to be the one most
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9 Auditory and Visual Segmentation
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 37
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processes (e.g., basilar membrane v
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same time, the difficulty of detect
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elease (discussed in chapter 6) dem
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(A) Target Rhythm Target + Masking
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to grouping by perceived position d
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4. Convexity: Convex figures usuall
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filter inferred from the background
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Jackson (1953) found that the sound
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a speaking face is located in front
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was high, then the resolution of th
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Listeners were more likely to repor
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10 Summing Up Perceiving is the con
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Summing Up 423 course of the stimul
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References Adelson, E. H. (1982). S
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References 427 Bermant, R. I., & We
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References 429 Crawford, B. H. (194
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References 431 Feldman, J., & Singh
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References 433 and male voices in t
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References 435 Isabelle, S. K., & C
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References 437 Laughlin, S. B. (200
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References 439 McAdams, S., Winsber
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References 441 Pittinger, J. B., Sh
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References 443 Shamma, S. (2001). O
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References 445 Troost, J. M. (1998)
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References 447 Welch, R. B. (1999).
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Index Boldfaced entries refer to ci
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Barbour, D. L., 83, 367, 426 Barlow
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Color reflectance 1/f c amplitude f
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Figure-ground auditory, 373, 421 in
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Hallikainen, J., 304, 440 Handel, S
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K-order statistics. See Visual text
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separation of things, 5 See also Pe
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Recanzone, G. H., 409-412, 441, 443
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Stream segregation default assumpti
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vibration frequencies of air masses
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Wavelet analysis. See Sparse coding
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