Perceptual Coherence : Hearing and Seeing

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Listeners were more likely to report the correct auditory syllable for the familiar faces than for the unfamiliar faces. (Walker et al. concluded that people are able to use specific knowledge about familiar faces to correct for the auditory-visual mismatch. People were not able to correct for the mismatch on the basis of familiar voices. It might be the case, however, that truly distinguishable voice timbres might also be able to minimize the McGurk errors. There are differences in the strength of the McGurk effect across languages and cultures. In general, the McGurk effect is stronger for foreign than for native speech stimuli (Sekiyama & Tohkura, 1993). This outcome makes sense in terms of the results of Walker et al. (1995) just described; specific knowledge about facial visual motion tends to reduce the magnitude of the illusion. Thus, lack of knowledge about facial movements commonly occurring in a foreign language should accentuate the illusion. Furthermore, Sekiyama (1997) has investigated whether the cultural tendency of Chinese and Japanese listeners to avoid looking at the face of a person they are talking with would reduce the illusion. This in fact was the case, for both Japanese and American language stimuli. The native Chinese speakers were less likely than both Japanese and American speakers to integrate the visual information and therefore more likely to perceive the auditory syllable correctly. Sekiyama (1997) also pointed out that Chinese is a tonal language, so that visual information is less valuable, which may reinforce the weaker use of visual information for speech perception. Summary Auditory and Visual Segmentation 419 I would argue that the similarity in the organizational principles for hearing and seeing, as well as the functional equivalence of the auditory and visual inputs for identifying objects and events in the world, supports the arguments made in chapter 1 that the principles of perceiving are identical for all modalities. I would further argue that the correspondence between the organizational principles is not merely coincidental, but a fundamental consequence of environmental properties. Objects are composed of correlated properties that occur in space and time, and are separated by edges. For this reason, perceiving is inherently multimodal, but not inherently equivalent. 10 10. There are many anecdotes that reflect the premise that perception is multimodal. A colleague reported that a salesman admitted that when he was trying to sell a high-definition television, he switched to a high-quality audio system. The improved audio seemed to make the picture better. Conversely, there is a widely circulated, but uncorroborated, story that when participants were asked to judge television picture quality, their judgments were actually based on the sound quality of the sets and not the screen resolution.
420 Perceptual Coherence It is difficult to create sensory substitutions that work. Gibson (1966, p. 54) quoted Hornbostel: “it matters little through which sense I realize that in the dark I have blundered into a pigsty.” Yet I wonder if that is true. The research here suggests that each sense contributes a different perspective on the external world.
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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Perceptual Coherence Hearing and Se
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To My Family, My Parents, and the B
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Preface The purpose of this book is
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Preface ix intertwined with my own
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Contents 1. Basic Concepts 3 2. Tra
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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1 Basic Concepts In the beginning G
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Basic Concepts 5 sources moving in
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even though its appearance changes.
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sources. A single sound source is t
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straight line parallel to the actua
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continuous sound. The correspondenc
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Basic Concepts 15 overall uncertain
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problem. The “snapshots” in spa
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segments at different orientations.
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in amplitude across time (analogous
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Basic Concepts 23 visual experience
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we would expect the correlation to
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Table 2.1 Derivation of the Recepti
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Figure 2.7. Continued
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3 Characteristics of Auditory and V
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Information =−Σ. Pr(x i ) log 2
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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valleys” that support the high-fr
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Phase Relationships and Power Laws
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systems to be. One possibility woul
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are most active, relatively large c
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(see figure 2.2 based on the Differ
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epresenting these naturally occurri
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found in V1. Even though the filter
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Figure 3.14. The independent compon
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specific persons or objects (e.g.,
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amplitudes of each picture and foun
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4 The Transition Between Noise (Dis
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more cortical levels. For example,
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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about poorer performance by creatin
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Figure 4.8. Continued The Transitio
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Surface Textures Visual Glass Patte
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Figure 4.11. Continued The Transiti
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(A) (B) (C) The Transition Between
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(A) (B) Warbleness The Transition B
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2000 Hz with a single action potent
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The same problem of the multiplicit
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order to create the appearance of s
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Perception of Motion 199 Figure 5.2
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Perception of Motion 203 together.
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Perception of Motion 205 (The two f
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again, two perceptions can result a
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Perception of Motion 211 notes of t
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Perception of Motion 213 Braddick (
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larger arrays and Baddeley and Tirp
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Perception of Motion 217 the judgme
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Perception of Motion 219 one color
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To review, neurons sensitive to mot
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Transparency aftereffects do occur
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Perception of Motion 225 stimuli, t
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Perception of Motion 231 perception
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Perception of Motion 237 same direc
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Time 1, Tone 1 is turned off, at Ti
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6 Gain Control and External and Int
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a signal-to-noise ratio), and Barlo
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Gain Control and External and Inter
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Suppose we have a background that h
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R Gain Control and External and Int
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Makous (1997) pointed out how diffi
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contrast that defines the boundarie
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per Second Figure 6.10. Continued G
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ane was linear, the higher sound pr
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(C. D. Geisler, 1998; C. D. Geisler
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noise visual field. 4 The S + N inp
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B. Murray, Bennett, and Sekular (20
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The authors proposed that the four
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Efficiency and Noise in Auditory Pr
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etween samples). Spiegel and Green
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In sum, the masking release is grea
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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Visual Worlds Modeling the Light Re
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Indirect Illumination Causing Specu
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of an object but also require the c
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assumed, so that the surface irradi
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Relative Power of Basis Functions S
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that the reflectance of the test co
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amount of light transmitted through
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light reflected by all surfaces in
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magenta to white). Then Bloj et al.
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Why is there opponent processing? O
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8 The Perception of Quality: Audito
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exists at several levels: (a) descr
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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mode is proportional to the relativ
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The overall result is that the rela
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obvious. The tension on the vocal c
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(termed the amplitude envelopes) ar
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obviously misplaced). The majority
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Pastore (1991) investigated whether
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experience. Erickson (2003) found t
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Rhythmic patterning usually gives i
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Let me summarize at this point. The
Page 382 and 383: The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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Page 386 and 387: 9 Auditory and Visual Segmentation
Page 388 and 389: Auditory and Visual Segmentation 37
Page 394 and 395: processes (e.g., basilar membrane v
Page 396 and 397: same time, the difficulty of detect
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Page 436 and 437: Summing Up 423 course of the stimul
Page 438 and 439: References Adelson, E. H. (1982). S
Page 440 and 441: References 427 Bermant, R. I., & We
Page 442 and 443: References 429 Crawford, B. H. (194
Page 444 and 445: References 431 Feldman, J., & Singh
Page 446 and 447: References 433 and male voices in t
Page 448 and 449: References 435 Isabelle, S. K., & C
Page 450 and 451: References 437 Laughlin, S. B. (200
Page 452 and 453: References 439 McAdams, S., Winsber
Page 454 and 455: References 441 Pittinger, J. B., Sh
Page 456 and 457: References 443 Shamma, S. (2001). O
Page 458 and 459: References 445 Troost, J. M. (1998)
Page 460 and 461: References 447 Welch, R. B. (1999).
Page 462 and 463: Index Boldfaced entries refer to ci
Page 464 and 465: Barbour, D. L., 83, 367, 426 Barlow
Page 466 and 467: Color reflectance 1/f c amplitude f
Page 468 and 469: Figure-ground auditory, 373, 421 in
Page 470 and 471: Hallikainen, J., 304, 440 Handel, S
Page 472 and 473: K-order statistics. See Visual text
Page 474 and 475: separation of things, 5 See also Pe
Page 476 and 477: Recanzone, G. H., 409-412, 441, 443
Page 478 and 479: Stream segregation default assumpti
Page 480 and 481: vibration frequencies of air masses
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Wavelet analysis. See Sparse coding
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