Perceptual Coherence : Hearing and Seeing

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Figure 4.11. Continued The Transition Between Noise and Structure 171 pattern could be generated by rotation, creating concentric flow lines, and the second by expansion, generating radial flow lines. If the dots in both patterns have identical energy (i.e., roughly size × contrast), then it is impossible to see both patterns. If the energy of one pattern is reduced, then the more energetic pattern is perceived easily while the weaker pattern can be perceived by focused attention. 7 The most interesting outcomes occur when comparing single Glass patterns composed of dots with different energy levels to superimposed Glass 7. A similar breakdown of the perceived structure occurs if two iterated rippled noise stimuli with different delays are added together. For example, if one stimulus is constructed with a delay of 10 ms (a pitch of 100 Hz) and a second is constructed with a delay of 8 ms (a pitch of 125 Hz), the tonal percept is destroyed. The tonal percept is maintained only when the delays are multiples (2/4/8 ms) so that the pitches would be harmonically related (Handel & Patterson, 2000).
172 Perceptual Coherence patterns in which each pattern is composed of dots with different energy levels as above. Consider the former case: we start with a random dot array, create a duplicate in which each dot is reduced in size and contrast, rotate the duplicate, and then superimpose the two. Even though the dots are different, the concentric lines appear, so that the patterning is achieved by integrating across energy levels. Now consider the latter case: One Glass pattern is defined by the stronger dots and a different one is defined by the weaker dots. In this case, the pattern segregates; there is no integration across energy levels (see figure 4.12). This first outcome does not support the notion of a lightness “slicer” suggested by Julesz (1962) above to account for texture segmentation. Instead, the effects of the energy differences depend on the overall patterning among the dots. The perception of the Glass patterns is a second-order effect (K = 2); the observer must detect conditional probabilities that may involve different separations and orientations. For example, with a rotation, the separation between matched dots, signifying the consistent change in orientation around the circumference, varies as a function of the distance from the center. Pairs of points with the same separation and distribution of orientations that are randomly placed around a circle do not lead to the perception of concentric circles. Researchers (H.R. Wilson & Wilkerson, 1998; H.R. Wilson, Wilkerson, & Assad, 1997; Seu & Ferrera, 2001) have compared the discriminability of concentric, radial, hyperbolic, parallel, and spiral Glass patterns. Their results indicate, as found previously, that concentric and radial patterns are easier to find in embedded random noise than parallel or spiral patterns in the equivalent amount of noise. Concentric and radial patterns contain paired dots at all orientations, and the authors argue that the greater sensitivity to concentric and radial patterns is due to the global pooling of the information at all orientations necessary to perceive those transformations. In contrast, parallel patterns contain matched dot pairs at only one orientation, so that there is only local pooling. (However, Dakin & Bex, 2002, demonstrated that with experience, viewers are able to learn to integrate parallel translation patterns over a wider spatial area.) Their proposed model is envisioned to consist of three stages, each stage being localized in a higher-level visual cortical area. The first step occurs in V1, the initial processing region. Here each region of the stimulus configuration is analyzed by a set of discrete orientation filters that measure contrast at different visual angles. The second step occurs in V2. Here the outputs from V1 are rectified to produce a positive neural response, and that is followed by a second stage of orientation filtering to create a more localized orientation response (LNL model). Finally, the third step occurs in V4, where the orientation information at all angles from a localized retinal area
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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Perceptual Coherence Hearing and Se
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To My Family, My Parents, and the B
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Preface The purpose of this book is
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Preface ix intertwined with my own
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Contents 1. Basic Concepts 3 2. Tra
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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1 Basic Concepts In the beginning G
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Basic Concepts 5 sources moving in
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even though its appearance changes.
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sources. A single sound source is t
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straight line parallel to the actua
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continuous sound. The correspondenc
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Basic Concepts 15 overall uncertain
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problem. The “snapshots” in spa
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segments at different orientations.
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in amplitude across time (analogous
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Basic Concepts 23 visual experience
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we would expect the correlation to
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Table 2.1 Derivation of the Recepti
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Figure 2.7. Continued
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3 Characteristics of Auditory and V
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Information =−Σ. Pr(x i ) log 2
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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valleys” that support the high-fr
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Phase Relationships and Power Laws
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Page 162 and 163: amplitudes of each picture and foun
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Page 166 and 167: more cortical levels. For example,
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Page 206 and 207: 2000 Hz with a single action potent
Page 208 and 209: The same problem of the multiplicit
Page 210 and 211: order to create the appearance of s
Page 212 and 213: Perception of Motion 199 Figure 5.2
Page 216 and 217: Perception of Motion 203 together.
Page 218 and 219: Perception of Motion 205 (The two f
Page 220 and 221: again, two perceptions can result a
Page 224 and 225: Perception of Motion 211 notes of t
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Page 228 and 229: larger arrays and Baddeley and Tirp
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Page 232 and 233: Perception of Motion 219 one color
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To review, neurons sensitive to mot
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Transparency aftereffects do occur
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Perception of Motion 225 stimuli, t
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Perception of Motion 227 Figure 5.1
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Perception of Motion 231 perception
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Perception of Motion 237 same direc
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Time 1, Tone 1 is turned off, at Ti
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6 Gain Control and External and Int
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a signal-to-noise ratio), and Barlo
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Gain Control and External and Inter
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Suppose we have a background that h
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R Gain Control and External and Int
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Makous (1997) pointed out how diffi
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contrast that defines the boundarie
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per Second Figure 6.10. Continued G
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ane was linear, the higher sound pr
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(C. D. Geisler, 1998; C. D. Geisler
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noise visual field. 4 The S + N inp
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B. Murray, Bennett, and Sekular (20
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The authors proposed that the four
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Efficiency and Noise in Auditory Pr
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etween samples). Spiegel and Green
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In sum, the masking release is grea
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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Visual Worlds Modeling the Light Re
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Indirect Illumination Causing Specu
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of an object but also require the c
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assumed, so that the surface irradi
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Relative Power of Basis Functions S
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that the reflectance of the test co
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amount of light transmitted through
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light reflected by all surfaces in
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magenta to white). Then Bloj et al.
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Why is there opponent processing? O
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8 The Perception of Quality: Audito
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exists at several levels: (a) descr
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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mode is proportional to the relativ
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The overall result is that the rela
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obvious. The tension on the vocal c
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(termed the amplitude envelopes) ar
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obviously misplaced). The majority
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Pastore (1991) investigated whether
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experience. Erickson (2003) found t
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Rhythmic patterning usually gives i
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Let me summarize at this point. The
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the oddball note to be the one most
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9 Auditory and Visual Segmentation
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 37
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processes (e.g., basilar membrane v
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same time, the difficulty of detect
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elease (discussed in chapter 6) dem
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(A) Target Rhythm Target + Masking
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to grouping by perceived position d
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4. Convexity: Convex figures usuall
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filter inferred from the background
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Jackson (1953) found that the sound
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a speaking face is located in front
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was high, then the resolution of th
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Listeners were more likely to repor
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10 Summing Up Perceiving is the con
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Summing Up 423 course of the stimul
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References Adelson, E. H. (1982). S
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References 427 Bermant, R. I., & We
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References 429 Crawford, B. H. (194
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References 431 Feldman, J., & Singh
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References 433 and male voices in t
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References 435 Isabelle, S. K., & C
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References 437 Laughlin, S. B. (200
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References 439 McAdams, S., Winsber
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References 441 Pittinger, J. B., Sh
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References 443 Shamma, S. (2001). O
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References 445 Troost, J. M. (1998)
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References 447 Welch, R. B. (1999).
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Index Boldfaced entries refer to ci
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Barbour, D. L., 83, 367, 426 Barlow
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Color reflectance 1/f c amplitude f
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Figure-ground auditory, 373, 421 in
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Hallikainen, J., 304, 440 Handel, S
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K-order statistics. See Visual text
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separation of things, 5 See also Pe
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Recanzone, G. H., 409-412, 441, 443
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Stream segregation default assumpti
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vibration frequencies of air masses
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Wavelet analysis. See Sparse coding
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