Figure-ground auditory, 373, 421 in general segment the outputs of independent hair cell receptors into auditory objects, 373 segment the outputs of independent retinal receptors into enclosed objects, 373, 421 visual edges <strong>and</strong> contours belong to figure, 391–392, 421 figural principles, 392–393, 421 See also Gestalt laws of organization; Grouping <strong>and</strong> segmenting, seeing Film color, 11 Finkelstein, M. A., 250, 253–256, 434 Fitzpatrick, D., 57, 431 Flat world assumption. See Color constancy Fleming, R. W., 326–327, 431 Foldiak, P., 130, 431 Fox, E., 3, 431 Fractal processes. See Statistical regularities in environment Freed, D., 358, 360, 366, 431 Freeman, R. D., 54, 57, 429 Freeman, W. T., 133, 443 Fried, I., 146, 441 Frisby, J. P., 315–316, 447 Frisina, R. D., 66, 360, 431 Friston, K., 87–88, 431 Fritz, J., 83–84, 94, 430–431 Funt, B., 310, 431 Gabor, D., 14, 50, 127, 431 Gabor functions, 49–53, 127–128, 132, 136. See Statistical regularities in the environment Gain control in the auditory system at the basilar membrane, compression, 266–267 descending corticofugal modulation, 270n due to background noise, 269–270 at the hair cells, neurotransmitter depletion, 267–269 Index 455 at the middle ear, acoustic reflex, 270 separate populations (3) of auditory nerve fibers, 270–271 contrast in the visual system feedback mechanisms, 264 independence of contrast <strong>and</strong> illumination, 263–264 independence of contrast <strong>and</strong> property selectivity, 264–266 outcomes using counterphase gratings to create background, 261–263 intensity in the visual system attenuation of high frequencies, 260 background-onset effect, 252–253 b<strong>and</strong>-pass filtering, 260 difficulty of interpreting processes, 259 high-temporal-frequency envelope for periodic stimuli, 259–260 limitations due to response saturation, 250 multiplicative <strong>and</strong> subtractive gain mechanisms, 253–258, 267 at the retina (intensity gain control), 250–252 Gallant, J. L., 54–55, 89–90, 92, 142–143, 423, 431, 438, 445 Gallogly, D. P., 175–176, 432 Garcia-Beltran, A., 308–309, 442 Gardner, M., 111, 431 Gardner, S. M., 193, 439 Garner, W. R., 100, 431 Gaver, W. W., 362, 364, 431 Gegenfurtner, K. R., viii, 332, 431 Gehr, D. D., 94, 431 Geisler, C. D., viii, 267–269, 432 Geisler, W. S., 175–176, 256–258, 261–263, 374, 432, 436 Gershon, R., 304, 445 Gestalt laws of organization difficulty in defining elements, 380 is grouping an obligatory first step?, 381 laws of organization due to operation of cortical field forces, 377 organizational laws, 377 prägnanz, 377
456 Index Gestalt laws of organization (continued) psychophysical isomorphism, 376–377 uncertainty about how <strong>and</strong> when to apply laws, 380 Gibson, D. J., 269, 428 Gibson, J. J., 3, 24, 420, 432 Giese, M. A., 199, 432 Gilbert, C. D., 59, 429 Gilchrist, A., 314–315, 329, 432 Gilden, D. L., 147–148, 432, 442 Glass, L., 167–169, 432 Glass patterns construction, streaky flow lines, 167–168 hierarchical neural model, 172–175 perception of global patterning, matching duplicated elements 7, 168–169, 287 perceptual strength of various patterns, 169–170, 172 second order (k = 2) percept, 172 Gold, J., 247, 432 Goldstein, J. L., 382, 432 Gordon, J. W., 357, 433 Gorea, A., 151, 432 Goude, G., 356, 446 Graham, N., 253–256, 259–260, 432 Gray world assumption, 311 Greco, J., 407, 425 Green, B. F. J., 153, 155, 157, 432 Green, D. M., 21, 281–283, 285–288, 382, 432, 444, 448 Green, K. P., 418, 432 Greenberg, S., 269, 432 Greenspan, N. S., 14, 433 Grey, J. M., 357, 359, 433 Griffiths, T. D., 5, 92, 421–422, 433 Grinvold, A., 47, 443 Grose, J. H., 289–290, 433 Grouping <strong>and</strong> segmenting evolution across time biasing due to proximal perception, 403 indirect perception, distal judgment based on distal inference, 400–403 proximal percept replaced by distal constancy percept, 18–19, 403 hearing acoustic properties normally co-vary <strong>and</strong> are redundant, 381, 387–388 amplitude modulation, 382–383 conflicting cues to grouping, 388–389 dominant cue is onset asynchrony, 389–390 edges, analogy to visual edges, 397 frequency modulation, not an independent cue, 383–384 grouping is not all or none, 390 harmonicity, 382 negative minina in sound, 395n onset <strong>and</strong> offset asynchrony, 382–383 problem of assigning sets of frequencies that vary over time to different sources, 381 spatial location, secondary factor, 385 summary, 390–391 See also Gestalt laws of organization; Stream segregation seeing element <strong>and</strong> uniform connectedness, 391 interpolation across occlusions, relatability constraint, 397–399 interpolation, amodal <strong>and</strong> modal, 396 occlusion edges <strong>and</strong> shadow edges, 209–211, 397 parsing regions at points of maximum concavity, maximum information, 393–395 self-splitting objects, 398–399 See also Figure-ground, visual; Gestalt laws of organization Grunau, v., M., 197, 428 Grzywacz, N. M., 118, 202, 208, 210, 219, 426, 446–447 Guttman, N., 180, 182, 433 Guttman, S. E., 397, 400, 435 Gygi, B., 270, 364, 433 Hair cells, 267–269 Hall, J. W. I., 289–290, 433
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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Perceptual Coherence Hearing and Se
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To My Family, My Parents, and the B
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Preface The purpose of this book is
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Preface ix intertwined with my own
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Contents 1. Basic Concepts 3 2. Tra
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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1 Basic Concepts In the beginning G
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Basic Concepts 5 sources moving in
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even though its appearance changes.
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sources. A single sound source is t
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straight line parallel to the actua
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continuous sound. The correspondenc
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Basic Concepts 15 overall uncertain
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problem. The “snapshots” in spa
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segments at different orientations.
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in amplitude across time (analogous
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Basic Concepts 23 visual experience
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we would expect the correlation to
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Table 2.1 Derivation of the Recepti
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Figure 2.7. Continued
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3 Characteristics of Auditory and V
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Information =−Σ. Pr(x i ) log 2
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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valleys” that support the high-fr
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Phase Relationships and Power Laws
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systems to be. One possibility woul
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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are most active, relatively large c
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(see figure 2.2 based on the Differ
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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epresenting these naturally occurri
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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found in V1. Even though the filter
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Figure 3.14. The independent compon
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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specific persons or objects (e.g.,
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amplitudes of each picture and foun
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4 The Transition Between Noise (Dis
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more cortical levels. For example,
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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about poorer performance by creatin
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Figure 4.8. Continued The Transitio
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Surface Textures Visual Glass Patte
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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Figure 4.11. Continued The Transiti
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(A) (B) (C) The Transition Between
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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(A) (B) Warbleness The Transition B
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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2000 Hz with a single action potent
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The same problem of the multiplicit
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order to create the appearance of s
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Perception of Motion 199 Figure 5.2
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Perception of Motion 201 Figure 5.3
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Perception of Motion 203 together.
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Perception of Motion 205 (The two f
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again, two perceptions can result a
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Perception of Motion 209 Figure 5.6
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Perception of Motion 211 notes of t
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Perception of Motion 213 Braddick (
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larger arrays and Baddeley and Tirp
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Perception of Motion 217 the judgme
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Perception of Motion 219 one color
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To review, neurons sensitive to mot
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Transparency aftereffects do occur
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Perception of Motion 225 stimuli, t
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Perception of Motion 227 Figure 5.1
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Perception of Motion 229 Figure 5.1
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Perception of Motion 231 perception
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Perception of Motion 233 Figure 5.1
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Perception of Motion 235 Figure 5.1
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Perception of Motion 237 same direc
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Time 1, Tone 1 is turned off, at Ti
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6 Gain Control and External and Int
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a signal-to-noise ratio), and Barlo
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Gain Control and External and Inter
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Gain Control and External and Inter
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Suppose we have a background that h
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R Gain Control and External and Int
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Makous (1997) pointed out how diffi
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contrast that defines the boundarie
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per Second Figure 6.10. Continued G
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Gain Control and External and Inter
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ane was linear, the higher sound pr
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(C. D. Geisler, 1998; C. D. Geisler
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Gain Control and External and Inter
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noise visual field. 4 The S + N inp
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B. Murray, Bennett, and Sekular (20
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The authors proposed that the four
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Gain Control and External and Inter
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Efficiency and Noise in Auditory Pr
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etween samples). Spiegel and Green
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In sum, the masking release is grea
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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Visual Worlds Modeling the Light Re
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Indirect Illumination Causing Specu
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of an object but also require the c
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assumed, so that the surface irradi
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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Relative Power of Basis Functions S
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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that the reflectance of the test co
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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amount of light transmitted through
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light reflected by all surfaces in
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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magenta to white). Then Bloj et al.
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Why is there opponent processing? O
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8 The Perception of Quality: Audito
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exists at several levels: (a) descr
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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mode is proportional to the relativ
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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The overall result is that the rela
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obvious. The tension on the vocal c
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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(termed the amplitude envelopes) ar
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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obviously misplaced). The majority
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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Pastore (1991) investigated whether
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experience. Erickson (2003) found t
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Rhythmic patterning usually gives i
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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Let me summarize at this point. The
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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the oddball note to be the one most
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9 Auditory and Visual Segmentation
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 37
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 37
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 37
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processes (e.g., basilar membrane v
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same time, the difficulty of detect
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elease (discussed in chapter 6) dem
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 38
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(A) Target Rhythm Target + Masking
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to grouping by perceived position d
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4. Convexity: Convex figures usuall
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 39
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filter inferred from the background
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- Page 444 and 445: References 431 Feldman, J., & Singh
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- Page 450 and 451: References 437 Laughlin, S. B. (200
- Page 452 and 453: References 439 McAdams, S., Winsber
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- Page 462 and 463: Index Boldfaced entries refer to ci
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- Page 472 and 473: K-order statistics. See Visual text
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- Page 476 and 477: Recanzone, G. H., 409-412, 441, 443
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