Barbour, D. L., 83, 367, 426 Barlow, H. B., 21, 26, 97, 130, 169–170, 221, 242–243, 376, 388, 426, 438 Barney, H. E., 347, 440 Bashford, J. A. J., 181–183, 446 Basilar membrane, 266–267 Basis functions color reflectance <strong>and</strong> illumination, 307–308 representation of receptive fields, 137–140, 307–308 See also Sparse coding Battaglia, P., 416, 426 Bayesian estimation a priori probabilities, 105 Bayes formula, 106, 272 gain/loss functions, 106 likelihood probabilities <strong>and</strong> ratios, 105, 272 perceiving is a series of expectation calculations, 103 posterior probabilities, 103, 272 relationship to information theory, evolution of probabilities, 106–107 “subjective,” 106 Baylor, D. A., 242, 426 Beanl<strong>and</strong>, M., 408, 444 Beard, B., 276, 278, 425–426 Beauchamp, J. W., 360, 434 Beauchamp, M. S., 220, 426 Beck, J., 152, 161, 208, 426 Beitel, R., 82, 446 Belin, P., 92–93, 448 Bell, A. J., 133, 426 Bell, H. H., 214, 436 Belongingness (colors), 313 Ben Shahar, O., 162, 166, 426 Benade, A. H., 342, 426 Bennett, J. P., 247, 377–379, 432, 442 Bennett, P. J., 275, 283, 439 Bergen, J. R., 60, 151–152, 164–165, 426 Bermant, R. I., 415, 427 Bertone, A., 240, 427 Bex, P. J, 172, 429 Bey, C., 210, 427 Bialek, W., viii, 17, 25, 61, 99–100, 125–126, 145–146, 271–272, 417, 430, 437, 442 Big<strong>and</strong>, E., 371, 441 Billock, V. A., 149, 427 Blake, D. T., 79–80, 429 Blake, R., 234–238, 378, 425 Blaser, E., 221–222, 445 Bloch, O., 334, 428 Bloj, M. G., 327–329, 427 Bloothooft, G., 357, 427 Bohr, N., 14 Bonato, F., 314–315, 329, 432 Born, R. T., 18, 440 Borst, A., 102, 427 Botteldooren, D., 113, 429 Bouffard, M., 92–93, 448 Boyaci, H., 329, 430 Boynton, R. M., viii, 294, 435 Braddick, O. J., 213–216, 427 Brainard, D. H., 319–324, 352, 369, 427, 429, 436 Braun, J., 89–90, 431 Bregman, A. S., 8, 22, 117, 196, 207, 211, 383, 386–387, 398, 403, 427–428 Brelstaff, G., 308, 440 Breneman, E. J., 299, 437 Brightness, 114–115, 318n Britten, K. H., 216–218, 427 Brosgole, L., 401–402, 442 Brown, J. C., 350, 352, 357–358, 427 Brown, S., 264, 428 Brubaker, B. S., 181, 446 Bruce, V., 418–419, 446 Brugge, J. F., 64, 442 Brunt, W. A., 319–320, 369, 427 Buchsbaum, G., 311, 334, 428 Buckley, D., 315–316, 447 Bug detectors, 26. See also Specificity versus general purpose Bulthoff, H. H., 176, 404, 425, 430 Buracas, G. T., 102, 428 Burger, M., 72, 441 Burgess, A. E., 280, 428 Burr, D., 416, 425 Burton, G. J., 114, 428 Buus, S., 283, 428 Cabe, P. A., 366, 428 Caelli, T., 23, 428 Callans, D. E., 417, 439 Car<strong>and</strong>ini, M., 266, 428 Index 451
452 Index Carcieri, S. M., 125, 128, 439 Cariani, P. A., 69, 71, 191, 428 Carlyon, R., 137, 140, 183, 382, 384, 428–429, 447 Cassenaer, S., 131, 142, 144–145, 440 Cataliotti, J., 314–315, 329, 432 Causse, R., 365, 436 Cavanagh, P., 197, 203–205, 210, 224, 239, 428, 445 Celebrini, S., 216–218, 427 Center-surround organization. See Visual receptive fields, ganglion cells <strong>and</strong> optic nerve Ch’ng, Y. H., 59, 439 Chiao, C.-C., 331, 442 Chowning, J. M., 384, 428 Chromatic opponent cells. See Color opponent processing Chrominance, 308 Chubb, C., 224–225, 239, 428 Chung, S., 59, 439 Ciocca, V., 398, 428 Clarke, J., 114–115, 117, 445 Clayton, K., 147–148, 432 Clemo, H. R., 408, 439 Clifford, C. W., 223, 428 Cohen, J., 307, 428 Cohen, M. M., 418, 438 Colburn, H. S., 282–283, 435, 443 Color <strong>and</strong> timbre, comparisons between classically defined by exclusion, 294 existence of visual metamers, but no auditory metamers, 295 independence of source <strong>and</strong> filter for color, but not for timbre, 292, 297, 302–303, 333 perception of color <strong>and</strong> timbre is a function of overall context, 294–296 secondary qualities, 292–293 segment the sensory world into objects, figure-ground, 293–294 as source attributes, 293 visual objects are usually constant over time, auditory objects are usually intermittent, 333 visual sources <strong>and</strong> reflectances are continuous, auditory sources <strong>and</strong> resonances are discrete, 296 Color constancy asymmetric matching achromatic matching, task is to make test patch look gray, 321–324, 369 calculation of cone absorptions, 312 color matching, estimate illumination then estimate reflectance, 319–320 color matching is not matching cone absorptions, 312–313 color matching depends on properties of visual scene, 313 conflict between specular <strong>and</strong> surface reflection, 324–326 effect of perceived depths of surfaces, 316–317, 326 multiple cues determine the degree of color constancy, 321–324 mutual reflections, 327–329 reliability of cues, 326–327, 330 tacit knowledge of illumination properties, 326–327 visual frameworks (local/global) for color matching, 314–317 computational models absorption spectrum of rods <strong>and</strong> cones, 303–304 basis functions, a priori hypotheses about inputs, 307 color stimulus (CS), image equation, 302–303 indeterminacy, more unknowns than data points, 307 linear models (basis functions for illumination <strong>and</strong> reflection), 304–309 simplifying assumptions, 310–311 von Kries adaptation, 256, 317–319 Color opponent processing basis functions, 308 decorrelating responses of middle <strong>and</strong> long wavelength cones, 331 opponent cells (center-surround configuration), 294, 330 sparse representation to maximize mutual information, 331
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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Perceptual Coherence Hearing and Se
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To My Family, My Parents, and the B
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Preface The purpose of this book is
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Preface ix intertwined with my own
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Contents 1. Basic Concepts 3 2. Tra
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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1 Basic Concepts In the beginning G
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Basic Concepts 5 sources moving in
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even though its appearance changes.
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sources. A single sound source is t
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straight line parallel to the actua
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continuous sound. The correspondenc
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Basic Concepts 15 overall uncertain
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problem. The “snapshots” in spa
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segments at different orientations.
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in amplitude across time (analogous
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Basic Concepts 23 visual experience
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we would expect the correlation to
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Table 2.1 Derivation of the Recepti
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Figure 2.7. Continued
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3 Characteristics of Auditory and V
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Information =−Σ. Pr(x i ) log 2
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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valleys” that support the high-fr
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Phase Relationships and Power Laws
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systems to be. One possibility woul
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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are most active, relatively large c
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(see figure 2.2 based on the Differ
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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epresenting these naturally occurri
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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found in V1. Even though the filter
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Figure 3.14. The independent compon
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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specific persons or objects (e.g.,
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amplitudes of each picture and foun
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4 The Transition Between Noise (Dis
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more cortical levels. For example,
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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about poorer performance by creatin
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Figure 4.8. Continued The Transitio
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Surface Textures Visual Glass Patte
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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Figure 4.11. Continued The Transiti
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(A) (B) (C) The Transition Between
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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(A) (B) Warbleness The Transition B
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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2000 Hz with a single action potent
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The same problem of the multiplicit
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order to create the appearance of s
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Perception of Motion 199 Figure 5.2
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Perception of Motion 201 Figure 5.3
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Perception of Motion 203 together.
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Perception of Motion 205 (The two f
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again, two perceptions can result a
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Perception of Motion 209 Figure 5.6
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Perception of Motion 211 notes of t
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Perception of Motion 213 Braddick (
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larger arrays and Baddeley and Tirp
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Perception of Motion 217 the judgme
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Perception of Motion 219 one color
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To review, neurons sensitive to mot
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Transparency aftereffects do occur
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Perception of Motion 225 stimuli, t
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Perception of Motion 227 Figure 5.1
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Perception of Motion 229 Figure 5.1
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Perception of Motion 231 perception
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Perception of Motion 233 Figure 5.1
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Perception of Motion 235 Figure 5.1
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Perception of Motion 237 same direc
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Time 1, Tone 1 is turned off, at Ti
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6 Gain Control and External and Int
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a signal-to-noise ratio), and Barlo
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Suppose we have a background that h
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R Gain Control and External and Int
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Makous (1997) pointed out how diffi
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contrast that defines the boundarie
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per Second Figure 6.10. Continued G
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Gain Control and External and Inter
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ane was linear, the higher sound pr
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(C. D. Geisler, 1998; C. D. Geisler
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noise visual field. 4 The S + N inp
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B. Murray, Bennett, and Sekular (20
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The authors proposed that the four
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Gain Control and External and Inter
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Efficiency and Noise in Auditory Pr
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etween samples). Spiegel and Green
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In sum, the masking release is grea
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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Visual Worlds Modeling the Light Re
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Indirect Illumination Causing Specu
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of an object but also require the c
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assumed, so that the surface irradi
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Relative Power of Basis Functions S
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that the reflectance of the test co
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amount of light transmitted through
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light reflected by all surfaces in
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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magenta to white). Then Bloj et al.
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Why is there opponent processing? O
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8 The Perception of Quality: Audito
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exists at several levels: (a) descr
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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mode is proportional to the relativ
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The overall result is that the rela
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obvious. The tension on the vocal c
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(termed the amplitude envelopes) ar
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obviously misplaced). The majority
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Pastore (1991) investigated whether
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experience. Erickson (2003) found t
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Rhythmic patterning usually gives i
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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Let me summarize at this point. The
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the oddball note to be the one most
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9 Auditory and Visual Segmentation
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 37
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 37
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 37
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processes (e.g., basilar membrane v
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same time, the difficulty of detect
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elease (discussed in chapter 6) dem
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 38
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(A) Target Rhythm Target + Masking
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to grouping by perceived position d
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4. Convexity: Convex figures usuall
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- Page 450 and 451: References 437 Laughlin, S. B. (200
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