Perceptual Coherence : Hearing and Seeing

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Color reflectance 1/f c amplitude frequency distribution in visual scenes, 308 flat world models, mondrian stimuli, 300–301 Lambert reflection assumption, 299 point-wise assumption, cannot explain surface grain, 300 shape world models, 299–300 simplifying assumptions, 299 specular and surface reflection, 297–299, 302 Comodulation masking release amplitude modulation to create coherent noise, 288–289 coherent noise in different critical bands increases release, 289 reduction of release due to inconsistent rate of modulation and onset asynchrony, 289–290 Common fate, 288, 377–379. See also Gestalt laws of organization Complex cells. See Visual receptive fields, cortical (V1) Conte, M. M., 158, 445 Contour co-occurrence of edges predicts object boundaries, 175 perception of contours in noise, 175–176 regularities found in natural scenes, 175 Contrast constancy. See Gain control in auditory system; Gain control in visual system Contrast compensates for huge range in sensory energy, 3–4, 19–21 definition of, 250–251 lack of importance of overall energy, 19–20, 59 predicts visual segmentation, 161–162 Cooley, J. M., 181, 446 Cornsweet, T., 242, 295, 428 Correlogram (summary), 67–71 Correspondence problem for apparent and real motion, 194, 240 consequence of local analysis, 11, 422 Index 453 examples of, 12–14, 373–374 for texture perception, 169, 178, 182, 198 See also Aperture problem Costalupes, J. A., 269, 428 Counterphase grating, 261 Coupling, 340 Critical band, analogy to bandpass filter, 71. See also Comodulation masking release Croner, L. J., 89, 218, 429 Cronin, T. W., 331, 442 Crum, P. A. C., 196, 427 Culling, J., 384, 444 Cunningham, D. W., 149, 427 Cusack, R., 137, 140, 429 Cutting, J. E., 6, 429 Dai, H., 288, 432 Dakin, S. C., 172, 429 Dan, Y., 127, 429 Dannenbring, G. L., 427 Dark noise, 241–242 Darwin, C. J., 382, 385, 391, 429 Das, A., 59, 429 Datta, A. J., 22, 440 Daugman, J., 15, 50–51, 429 Dawson, R. J., 200, 206, 429 Dayan, P., viii, 30, 122–124, 429, 441 de Cheveigne, A., 355, 438 De Muer, T., 113, 429 de Ruyter van Steveninck, R., viii, 17, 25, 61, 99–100, 125–126, 145–146, 271–272, 417, 430, 437, 442 De Valois, K. K., viii, 59, 429 De Valois, R., viii, 59, 170, 429, 447 De Vries regime, quantal fluctuations, 244–245, 259 DeAngelis, G. C., 54, 57, 429 DeCharms, R. C., 24, 79–80, 429 DeCoensel, B., 113, 429 Decorrelation and redundancy reduction, 331 in center-surround cells, 41, 421 in cone response, 331 Delahunt, P. B., 324, 429 Demany, L., 183, 447 Deneve, S., 406, 441 Depireaux, D. A., 80–81, 429, 436
454 Index Derrington, A. M., 47, 429 DeSoete, G., 353–355, 360, 439 DeYoe, E. A., 220, 238, 426, 434 Difference of Gaussian model; 38–39, 127. See also Visual receptive fields Discriminability, d'. See Information theory; Statistical decision theory Dittrich, W. H., 6, 429 Divergent and convergent pathways convergent fibers create greater selectivity at higher levels, 87 divergent fibers modulate specialization of cortical regions, 87 Dixon, N. F., 414, 430 d max , 214–215 Doerschner, K., 329, 430 Dolan, D. F., 270, 330, 430 Dong, D. W., 26, 116, 430 Donnadieu, S., 353–355, 360, 439 Donner, K., 242, 425 Dosher, B. A., 246–247, 438 Doupe, A. J., 37, 81–82, 84–86, 442 Dowling, W. J., 210, 430 Drew, M., 310, 431 Driver, J., 412–414, 430 Dror, R. O., 326–327, 431 Duhamel, J.-R., 406, 441 D’Zmura, M., 311, 430 Eckstein, M. P., 276, 278–280, 283, 430 Effective input noise, 243 Efficiency and noise in auditory processing efficiency, function of background noise, 281–282 (fixed) frozen noise, 283–284 ideal detector, 281 internal and external noise, quasimolecular approach, 282 noise power density, 280 signal known exactly (SKE), 2WT sample points, 280 in visual processing comparison between internal and external noise, 280 effect of background on efficiency, 276–280 ideal detector, 273, 277 internal noise measured by consistency of responses, 273 likelihoods measured by crosscorrelation, 272 matched filter models: nonwhitening and prewhitening, 273–274, 280 prewhiten to decorrelate image, 280 selection efficiency, 275, 280 template representations, classification images, 274–275 Eggermont, J. J., 93–94, 150, 430–431 Einhouser, W., 135, 436 Elbert, T., 74, 446 Elder, J. H., 53, 430 Elhilali, M., 83–84, 94, 430–431 Encapsulated and independent processing, 7 Enroth-Cugell, C., 244, 252, 263, 443, 446 Erickson, M. L., 357, 360–361, 369–370, 430, 433 Ernst, M. O., 404, 430 Exner, S., 196, 430 External noise. See Internal and external noise Eye, structure of, 36–38–39 Factorial code. See Information theory Fairchild, M. D., 295, 313, 430 Fairhall, A. L., 271–272, 417, 430 Falkenberg, H. K., 280, 443 False alarm rate. See Statistical decision theory Farrell, S., 111, 446 Faubert, J., 240, 427 Feedforward model for simple and complex visual cells, 47–49, 53–55 Feldman, J., 393, 431 Felleman, D. J., 87, 445 Fernandes, M. A., 289, 433 Ferrera, V. P., 172, 442 Ferster, D., 47, 431 Field, D. J., 115–117, 122, 129–130, 132–133, 175, 431, 434, 440
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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Perceptual Coherence Hearing and Se
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To My Family, My Parents, and the B
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Preface The purpose of this book is
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Preface ix intertwined with my own
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Contents 1. Basic Concepts 3 2. Tra
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PERCEPTUAL COHERENCE
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1 Basic Concepts In the beginning G
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Basic Concepts 5 sources moving in
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even though its appearance changes.
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sources. A single sound source is t
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straight line parallel to the actua
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continuous sound. The correspondenc
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Basic Concepts 15 overall uncertain
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problem. The “snapshots” in spa
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segments at different orientations.
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in amplitude across time (analogous
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Basic Concepts 23 visual experience
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we would expect the correlation to
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Transformation of Sensory Informati
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Table 2.1 Derivation of the Recepti
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Figure 2.7. Continued
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3 Characteristics of Auditory and V
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Information =−Σ. Pr(x i ) log 2
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Characteristics of Auditory and Vis
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valleys” that support the high-fr
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Phase Relationships and Power Laws
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systems to be. One possibility woul
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are most active, relatively large c
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(see figure 2.2 based on the Differ
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epresenting these naturally occurri
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found in V1. Even though the filter
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Figure 3.14. The independent compon
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specific persons or objects (e.g.,
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amplitudes of each picture and foun
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4 The Transition Between Noise (Dis
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more cortical levels. For example,
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The Transition Between Noise and St
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about poorer performance by creatin
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Figure 4.8. Continued The Transitio
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Surface Textures Visual Glass Patte
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Figure 4.11. Continued The Transiti
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(A) (B) (C) The Transition Between
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(A) (B) Warbleness The Transition B
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2000 Hz with a single action potent
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The same problem of the multiplicit
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order to create the appearance of s
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Perception of Motion 199 Figure 5.2
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Perception of Motion 203 together.
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Perception of Motion 205 (The two f
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again, two perceptions can result a
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Perception of Motion 211 notes of t
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Perception of Motion 213 Braddick (
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larger arrays and Baddeley and Tirp
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Perception of Motion 217 the judgme
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Perception of Motion 219 one color
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To review, neurons sensitive to mot
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Transparency aftereffects do occur
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Perception of Motion 225 stimuli, t
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Perception of Motion 231 perception
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Perception of Motion 237 same direc
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Time 1, Tone 1 is turned off, at Ti
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6 Gain Control and External and Int
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a signal-to-noise ratio), and Barlo
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Gain Control and External and Inter
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Suppose we have a background that h
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R Gain Control and External and Int
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Makous (1997) pointed out how diffi
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contrast that defines the boundarie
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per Second Figure 6.10. Continued G
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ane was linear, the higher sound pr
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(C. D. Geisler, 1998; C. D. Geisler
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noise visual field. 4 The S + N inp
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B. Murray, Bennett, and Sekular (20
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The authors proposed that the four
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Efficiency and Noise in Auditory Pr
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etween samples). Spiegel and Green
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In sum, the masking release is grea
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The Perception of Quality: Visual C
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Visual Worlds Modeling the Light Re
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Indirect Illumination Causing Specu
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of an object but also require the c
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assumed, so that the surface irradi
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Relative Power of Basis Functions S
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that the reflectance of the test co
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amount of light transmitted through
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light reflected by all surfaces in
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magenta to white). Then Bloj et al.
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Why is there opponent processing? O
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8 The Perception of Quality: Audito
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exists at several levels: (a) descr
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The Perception of Quality: Auditory
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mode is proportional to the relativ
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The overall result is that the rela
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obvious. The tension on the vocal c
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(termed the amplitude envelopes) ar
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obviously misplaced). The majority
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Pastore (1991) investigated whether
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experience. Erickson (2003) found t
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Rhythmic patterning usually gives i
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Let me summarize at this point. The
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the oddball note to be the one most
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9 Auditory and Visual Segmentation
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Auditory and Visual Segmentation 37
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processes (e.g., basilar membrane v
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same time, the difficulty of detect
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elease (discussed in chapter 6) dem
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(A) Target Rhythm Target + Masking
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to grouping by perceived position d
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4. Convexity: Convex figures usuall
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Page 416 and 417: filter inferred from the background
Page 418 and 419: Auditory and Visual Segmentation 40
Page 420 and 421: Jackson (1953) found that the sound
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Page 430 and 431: was high, then the resolution of th
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Page 434 and 435: 10 Summing Up Perceiving is the con
Page 436 and 437: Summing Up 423 course of the stimul
Page 438 and 439: References Adelson, E. H. (1982). S
Page 440 and 441: References 427 Bermant, R. I., & We
Page 442 and 443: References 429 Crawford, B. H. (194
Page 444 and 445: References 431 Feldman, J., & Singh
Page 446 and 447: References 433 and male voices in t
Page 448 and 449: References 435 Isabelle, S. K., & C
Page 450 and 451: References 437 Laughlin, S. B. (200
Page 452 and 453: References 439 McAdams, S., Winsber
Page 454 and 455: References 441 Pittinger, J. B., Sh
Page 456 and 457: References 443 Shamma, S. (2001). O
Page 458 and 459: References 445 Troost, J. M. (1998)
Page 460 and 461: References 447 Welch, R. B. (1999).
Page 462 and 463: Index Boldfaced entries refer to ci
Page 464 and 465: Barbour, D. L., 83, 367, 426 Barlow
Page 468 and 469: Figure-ground auditory, 373, 421 in
Page 470 and 471: Hallikainen, J., 304, 440 Handel, S
Page 472 and 473: K-order statistics. See Visual text
Page 474 and 475: separation of things, 5 See also Pe
Page 476 and 477: Recanzone, G. H., 409-412, 441, 443
Page 478 and 479: Stream segregation default assumpti
Page 480 and 481: vibration frequencies of air masses
Page 482: Wavelet analysis. See Sparse coding
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