Whale Watching Worldwide

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Main species: Large cetaceans: humpback whale, southern right whale, blue whale Small cetaceans: Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphin Tourists: N/A International 42% Domestic 58% Types of tours: Boat‐based, land‐based, swim‐with, dolphin feeding Average adult ticket price: $127 (swim‐with) $49 (boat‐based) Estimated employment 92 numbers: Main whale watch season: May to December (large cetaceans) Year‐round (dolphins) Acknowledgements: Steve Mitchell (Whale and Dolphin Watch Australia Inc), Simon Allen (Murdoch University), Phil Coulthard (Dolphin Discovery Centre), Donelle Cameron (Albany Visitor Centre), Martin Randall (Department of Environment and Conservation), Tricia Sprigg (DEC), Kate Reading (DEC), and all operators who kindly participated in our research. 174
Local Case Study: Great Barrier Reef, Australia Dwarf minke whales are known to inhabit Southern hemisphere oceans around the globe including South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and the east cost of South America. In Australia, they have been recorded in coastal waters of all states except Tasmania and the Northern Territory, but only in the Ribbon Reefs in the Great Barrier Reef has a dedicated industry devoted to swimming with these whales developed. The dwarf minke was first officially observed in the Great Barrier Reef in the 1970s. During the 1980s, the first tourism experiences with dwarf minkes developed, by which time they were recognised as a sub‐species of the larger minke whales. Dwarf minkes can grow up to eight metres long, making them one of the smaller baleen whales 40 . Between June and August, when sightings are most common, eight boat‐based operators offer swim‐with interactions with dwarf minke whales. These operators hold permits issued by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) in 2003, establishing them as the world’s first fully permitted swim‐with whale industry (GBRMPA, 2009). Dwarf minkes in the region are unique as they exhibit a high degree of curiosity and often seem to actively seek out boats and divers. Dwarf minkes have also been recorded as approaching to within a metre of tourists, and there have been instances where one has nudged a camera (Mischon, 2008). Their pirouetting behaviour is another trait that makes these cetaceans particularly appealing to tourists. A behaviour unique to dwarf minkes, pirouetting vertically in the water is something that is exhibited by one individual in particular (now known as ‘Pavlova’ after the Russian ballerina), but also other individuals. Very occasionally, this display occurs within metres of swimmers. The dwarf minke industry has developed a strong collaboration with scientific researchers stretching back over a decade. The Minke Whale Project (MWP) – the world’s only dwarf minke research effort – was established in 1996 and is the most extensive underwater study of a whale species in the world (Mischon, 2008). To date, researchers, assisted by tour operators and tourists themselves, have accumulated tens of thousands of underwater photos and many hours of video footage on these inquisitive, but little understood cetaceans. During each whale watching season, the permitted operators donate in‐kind vessel berths to researchers to allow them to collect comprehensive records of whale encounters and vessel movements, as well as collecting passenger questionnaires and ‘interaction behaviour diaries’ filled in by enthusiastic passengers. Three MWP PhD studies, due to be completed towards the end of 2009, have investigated dwarf minke behaviour, biology and sustainable management of this unique industry. The key findings of these studies will be compiled into a report to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) to assist with the sustainable management of the industry . The dwarf minke is yet to be formally described as a species in scientific literature and it has been suggested that if it is finally named, that it might be named after Peter Arnold (1949‐2006) for his long term and pioneering involvement with dwarf minke research and conservation, as well as his substantial contribution to other cetacean research in Australia (Minke Whale Project, 2006). Peter, along with Alastair Birtles (from James Cook University) co‐founded the MWP, which began as a collaboration between James Cook University, the Museum of Tropical Queensland and an operator, Undersea Explorer. In summary, the Great Barrier Reef dwarf minke whale watching tourism has many unique aspects: 40 Pygmy right whales are smaller than dwarf minke whales, with an adult length of 6.1m (American Cetacean Society, 2009). 175
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Whale Watching Worldwide Tourism nu
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Whale Watching Worldwide: Tourism n
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GEORGIA, UKRAINE AND RUSSIA - BLACK
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ST. LUCIA..........................
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Foreword: IFAW and Whale Watching 1
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Sidney Holt, at that time IFAW Scie
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Australia, New Zealand and the Sout
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watching trips started (Papastavrou
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For the past four years, IFAW has c
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• Research on the effectiveness o
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Hoyt, E. 2001. Whale Watching 2001:
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Executive Summary Ten years after t
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South America too is showing strong
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Map of the global distribution of w
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Introduction Cultures across the gl
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was achieved. Responses in many cou
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Generally in economics, ‘indirect
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February 2009 for consistency. Desp
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Regions The following section of th
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AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST Year Number
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Summary of country results Country
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Benin Year Number of whale watchers
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Canary Islands Year Number of whale
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Egypt Year Number of whale watchers
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Local Case Study: Samadai Reef, Egy
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Gabon Year Number of whale watchers
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Mervyn Baldwin (Pleasuresports Gamb
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In February 2009, political protest
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• Local people make up a signific
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Mauritius Year Number of whale watc
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Acknowledgements: Nils Bertrand (Se
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egulation of the industry and has c
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novel Static Acoustic Monitoring te
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Main species: Large cetaceans: Bryd
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São Tomé and Príncipe Year Numbe
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Seychelles Year Number of whale wat
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Land‐based whale watching also co
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Local Case Study: Hermanus, South A
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Although the industry is clearly im
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The type of cetacean watching shows
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Croatia Year Number of whale watche
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Denmark Year Number of whale watche
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France Year Number of whale watcher
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Germany Year Number of whale watche
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Greece Year Number of whale watcher
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There is also a whale watching indu
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Main species: Large cetaceans: blue
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solved through dialogue with fisher
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Dolphin watch tours last two hours
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Monaco Year Number of whale watcher
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Main species: Large cetaceans: hump
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Main species: Large cetaceans: blue
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Neves‐Graça, K. 2004. Revisiting
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Portugal ‐ Mainland Year Number o
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Acknowledgements: Tilen Genov of Mo
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United Kingdom Year Number of whale
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Scotland Year Number of whale watch
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Wales Year Number of whale watchers
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Asia Year Number of whale watchers
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Page 124 and 125: Cambodia and Laos Year Number of wh
Page 126 and 127: China China (Mainland) Year Number
Page 128 and 129: expenditure figure is largely expla
Page 130 and 131: Georgia, Ukraine and Russia - Black
Page 132 and 133: Ganges River dolphin and Irrawaddy
Page 134 and 135: Whales migrate between the Pacific
Page 136 and 137: Kyushu Year Number of whale watcher
Page 138 and 139: Ogasawara, Miyakejima, Mikurajima Y
Page 140 and 141: Acknowledgements: Thanks to all eig
Page 142 and 143: Local Case Study: Japan Internation
Page 144 and 145: Maldives Year Number of whale watch
Page 146 and 147: Thanks to Brian Smith of WCS for hi
Page 148 and 149: Philippines Year Number of whale wa
Page 150 and 151: September to May. Puerto Princessa
Page 152 and 153: Sri Lanka Year Number of whale watc
Page 154 and 155: Main species: Small cetaceans: Irra
Page 156 and 157: epresents a significant average ann
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Page 160 and 161: Antarctica Year Number of whale wat
Page 162 and 163: Australia Year Number of whale watc
Page 164 and 165: Queensland Year Number of whale wat
Page 166 and 167: New South Wales Year Number of whal
Page 168 and 169: Victoria Year Number of whale watch
Page 170 and 171: Tasmania Year Number of whale watch
Page 172 and 173: although the management plan for th
Page 176 and 177: • It is the only known predictabl
Page 178 and 179: Main species: Tourists: Large cetac
Page 180 and 181: formal cetacean watching industry 4
Page 182 and 183: Acknowledgements: Michael Poole (Ma
Page 184 and 185: Midway Year Number of whale watcher
Page 186 and 187: Acknowledgements: Claire Garrigue a
Page 188 and 189: North Island Year Number of whale w
Page 190 and 191: Main species: Large cetaceans: sper
Page 192 and 193: Palau Year Number of whale watchers
Page 194 and 195: References: Research for this count
Page 196 and 197: References: Research for this count
Page 198 and 199: North America Year Number of whale
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Page 202 and 203: British Columbia Year Number of wha
Page 204 and 205: Québec Year Number of whale watche
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Page 208 and 209: Most whale watchers in Newfoundland
Page 210 and 211: Acknowledgements: Thanks to the ope
Page 212 and 213: St. Pierre and Miquelon Year Number
Page 214 and 215: Alaska Year Number of whale watcher
Page 216 and 217: Hawaii Year Number of whale watcher
Page 218 and 219: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Maui, Oah
Page 220 and 221: considerably less than those depart
Page 222 and 223: Nevertheless, the industry is undou
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With the number of boat‐based wha
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In Santa Barbara and Ventura County
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New England Year Number of whale wa
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Local Case Study: Stellwagen Bank,
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Cetacean watching in Virginia is ba
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participated in a workshop on the p
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Central America and Caribbean Year
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Summary of country results Country
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Antigua and Barbuda Year Number of
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organise dedicated land‐based act
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Bermuda Year Number of whale watche
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Costa Rica Year Number of whale wat
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neighbours, earning it the reputati
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Dominican Republic Year Number of w
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Grenada Year Number of whale watche
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Acknowledgements: Evasion Tropicale
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Jamaica Year Number of whale watche
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Maillard, J 2004, ‘Orientations R
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Panama Year Number of whale watcher
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St. Kitts and Nevis Year Number of
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Acknowledgements: Thanks to two ope
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Turks and Caicos Islands Year Numbe
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South America Year: Number of whale
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References: Hoyt, E & Iñíguez, M
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Estimated employment 62 numbers: Ma
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Main species: Large cetaceans: Bryd
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Falkland Islands (Las Malvinas) Yea
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References: Hoyt, E & Iñíguez, M
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Venezuela Year Number of whale watc
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thouands. Through the 1990s, two re
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for starting up sustainable whale w
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Bibliography Agardy, T, Aguilar, N,
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Hoyt, E 2001, ‘Whale Watching 200
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SPREP, Whale and Dolphin Action Pla
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A. Business name: B. Contact name:
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