Whale Watching Worldwide

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Main species: Large cetaceans: blue whale, humpback whale, minke whale, northern bottlenose whale, sperm whale Small cetaceans: harbour porpoise, orca, white‐beaked dolphin Tourists: International 94% Domestic 6% Types of tours: Boat‐based, half‐day trips (three hours), charters, dedicated, opportunistic, photo identification and educational research. Average adult ticket price: $60 Estimated employment 104 numbers: Main whale watch season: June to August Acknowledgements: Rannveig Grétarsdóttir of Reykjavík Whale Watching, Elke Wald of Húsavík Whale Museum, Kristrun Konradsdottir of Seatours, and Torunn Hardardottir of North Sailing. 96
Local Case Study: Húsavík, Iceland The village of Húsavík is a traditional sub‐Arctic fishing community of only 2,500 inhabitants located in northeast Iceland. In 2008, this small community was host to approximately 41,500 whale watchers. From its earliest beginnings, the village has based its local economy on fishing, fish processing and the trade of fish products (such as herring, cod, haddock and shrimp), developing close social and cultural links to the activity and its natural environment. The hunting of whales, dolphins and seals as a source of food for the village has been also a local tradition. Thus, when foreign travel companies looking to develop whale watching as well as foreign organisations promoting the conservation of cetaceans directed their attentions towards Iceland, it was in these kinds of communities where they often focused. Fishing conditions have been changing in Iceland since the early 1960s, when this sector represented 90% of all exports. Nowadays, it reaches only 51%. The decrease in cod fish quotas (the most valuable species) has had significant effects on businesses, communities and individual fishermen and fish workers, with a loss of income and employment opportunities (Einarsson, 2009). Likewise, in 1984, the individual transferable quota (ITQ) system introduced in Iceland aimed at developing an efficient fisheries management model resulted in the concentration of fishing licenses in few hands, mostly away from the fishing villages, reducing fishery related employment even more. These factors required local families to adapt and look for new reliable economic alternatives. In 1995, after an intensive 3‐day whale watch training workshop held near Reykjavík for prospective operators from all over Iceland, given by the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, whale watching started to emerge as one of these economic alternatives for Húsavík (Hoyt, 2001). Some 2,200 tourists participated that summer, although there were still doubts about its viability. From there, whale watching took off, doubling in numbers almost every year through the 1990s when Iceland had one of the highest growth rates for whale watching in the world. In 1998 the state‐of‐the‐art Húsavík Whale Centre opened, attracting nearly 6,000 tourists the first year. New restaurants, B&Bs and whale watch ticket offices followed. Soon after, a big road sign on the remote road leading to the turnoff to Húsavík proudly proclaimed ‘Husavik: Whale Watching Capital of Europe’. Despite there being little data available to estimate the total benefits that the activity brings to villages such as Húsavík, the 40,000 cetacean watchers present in 2007 (from a total of 104,000), buying tickets, using local services and visiting local attractions such as the whale museum make a significant contribution to strengthen the local economy. During the 2007 season, the two whale watching companies had some 35‐40 employees and 7 boats in operation between them. In addition, there were between 12‐14 people working in the Húsavík Whale Museum (Einarsson, 2009). Recent data collected in 2008, shows that 41,500 tourists embarked on whale watching tours from the port of Húsavík, out of 114,500 countrywide. Certainly, whale watching has been growing, but not without local conflicts. Due to the reduction in fish catch and quotas, some see whales more as competitors for fishing resources than as a natural resource for tourism. Most locals seem to be in favor of hunting whales and were initially quite skeptical of any whale watching success. During the first years of whale watching, several incidents occurred in which fishermen had been disturbed during hunting, and tourists were upset when seals were hunted close to their boats (Einarsson, 2009). More recently, during the industry’s consolidation phase, increasing movements of whale watching boats, tourists, private cars, buses and general traffic have overcrowded the foreshore and the limited port installations. Fishermen complain with some reason that their work is being affected by whale watchers operating close to the harbour. An adaptation has already started to emerge to meet the needs of both the fishermen and the whale watchers. In particular, the territorial conflicts where whale watching and hunting crossed paths were 97
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Whale Watching Worldwide Tourism nu
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Whale Watching Worldwide: Tourism n
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GEORGIA, UKRAINE AND RUSSIA - BLACK
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ST. LUCIA..........................
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Foreword: IFAW and Whale Watching 1
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Sidney Holt, at that time IFAW Scie
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Australia, New Zealand and the Sout
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watching trips started (Papastavrou
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For the past four years, IFAW has c
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• Research on the effectiveness o
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Hoyt, E. 2001. Whale Watching 2001:
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Executive Summary Ten years after t
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South America too is showing strong
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Map of the global distribution of w
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Introduction Cultures across the gl
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was achieved. Responses in many cou
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Generally in economics, ‘indirect
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February 2009 for consistency. Desp
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Regions The following section of th
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AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST Year Number
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Summary of country results Country
Page 45 and 46: Benin Year Number of whale watchers
Page 47 and 48: Canary Islands Year Number of whale
Page 49 and 50: Egypt Year Number of whale watchers
Page 51 and 52: Local Case Study: Samadai Reef, Egy
Page 53 and 54: Gabon Year Number of whale watchers
Page 55 and 56: Mervyn Baldwin (Pleasuresports Gamb
Page 57 and 58: In February 2009, political protest
Page 59 and 60: • Local people make up a signific
Page 61 and 62: Mauritius Year Number of whale watc
Page 63 and 64: Acknowledgements: Nils Bertrand (Se
Page 65 and 66: egulation of the industry and has c
Page 67 and 68: novel Static Acoustic Monitoring te
Page 69 and 70: Main species: Large cetaceans: Bryd
Page 71 and 72: São Tomé and Príncipe Year Numbe
Page 73 and 74: Seychelles Year Number of whale wat
Page 75 and 76: Land‐based whale watching also co
Page 77 and 78: Local Case Study: Hermanus, South A
Page 79 and 80: Although the industry is clearly im
Page 81 and 82: The type of cetacean watching shows
Page 84 and 85: Croatia Year Number of whale watche
Page 86 and 87: Denmark Year Number of whale watche
Page 88 and 89: France Year Number of whale watcher
Page 90 and 91: Germany Year Number of whale watche
Page 92 and 93: Greece Year Number of whale watcher
Page 94 and 95: There is also a whale watching indu
Page 98 and 99: solved through dialogue with fisher
Page 100 and 101: Dolphin watch tours last two hours
Page 102 and 103: Monaco Year Number of whale watcher
Page 104 and 105: Main species: Large cetaceans: hump
Page 106 and 107: Main species: Large cetaceans: blue
Page 108 and 109: Neves‐Graça, K. 2004. Revisiting
Page 110 and 111: Portugal ‐ Mainland Year Number o
Page 112 and 113: Acknowledgements: Tilen Genov of Mo
Page 114 and 115: United Kingdom Year Number of whale
Page 116 and 117: Scotland Year Number of whale watch
Page 118 and 119: Wales Year Number of whale watchers
Page 120 and 121: Asia Year Number of whale watchers
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Page 124 and 125: Cambodia and Laos Year Number of wh
Page 126 and 127: China China (Mainland) Year Number
Page 128 and 129: expenditure figure is largely expla
Page 130 and 131: Georgia, Ukraine and Russia - Black
Page 132 and 133: Ganges River dolphin and Irrawaddy
Page 134 and 135: Whales migrate between the Pacific
Page 136 and 137: Kyushu Year Number of whale watcher
Page 138 and 139: Ogasawara, Miyakejima, Mikurajima Y
Page 140 and 141: Acknowledgements: Thanks to all eig
Page 142 and 143: Local Case Study: Japan Internation
Page 144 and 145: Maldives Year Number of whale watch
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Thanks to Brian Smith of WCS for hi
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Philippines Year Number of whale wa
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September to May. Puerto Princessa
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Sri Lanka Year Number of whale watc
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Main species: Small cetaceans: Irra
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epresents a significant average ann
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Antarctica Year Number of whale wat
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Australia Year Number of whale watc
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Queensland Year Number of whale wat
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New South Wales Year Number of whal
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Victoria Year Number of whale watch
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Tasmania Year Number of whale watch
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although the management plan for th
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Main species: Large cetaceans: hump
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• It is the only known predictabl
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Main species: Tourists: Large cetac
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formal cetacean watching industry 4
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Acknowledgements: Michael Poole (Ma
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Midway Year Number of whale watcher
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Acknowledgements: Claire Garrigue a
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North Island Year Number of whale w
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Main species: Large cetaceans: sper
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Palau Year Number of whale watchers
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References: Research for this count
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References: Research for this count
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North America Year Number of whale
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200
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British Columbia Year Number of wha
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Québec Year Number of whale watche
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Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Year
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Most whale watchers in Newfoundland
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Acknowledgements: Thanks to the ope
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St. Pierre and Miquelon Year Number
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Alaska Year Number of whale watcher
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Hawaii Year Number of whale watcher
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Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Maui, Oah
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considerably less than those depart
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Nevertheless, the industry is undou
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With the number of boat‐based wha
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In Santa Barbara and Ventura County
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New England Year Number of whale wa
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Local Case Study: Stellwagen Bank,
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Cetacean watching in Virginia is ba
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participated in a workshop on the p
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Central America and Caribbean Year
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Summary of country results Country
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Antigua and Barbuda Year Number of
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organise dedicated land‐based act
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Bermuda Year Number of whale watche
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Costa Rica Year Number of whale wat
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neighbours, earning it the reputati
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Dominican Republic Year Number of w
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Grenada Year Number of whale watche
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Acknowledgements: Evasion Tropicale
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Jamaica Year Number of whale watche
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Maillard, J 2004, ‘Orientations R
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Panama Year Number of whale watcher
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St. Kitts and Nevis Year Number of
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Acknowledgements: Thanks to two ope
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Turks and Caicos Islands Year Numbe
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South America Year: Number of whale
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270
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References: Hoyt, E & Iñíguez, M
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Estimated employment 62 numbers: Ma
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Main species: Large cetaceans: Bryd
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Falkland Islands (Las Malvinas) Yea
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References: Hoyt, E & Iñíguez, M
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Venezuela Year Number of whale watc
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thouands. Through the 1990s, two re
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for starting up sustainable whale w
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Bibliography Agardy, T, Aguilar, N,
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Hoyt, E 2001, ‘Whale Watching 200
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SPREP, Whale and Dolphin Action Pla
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A. Business name: B. Contact name:
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