Whale Watching Worldwide

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O’Connor, S. 2005a. From Whalers to Whale Watchers: the growth of whale watching tourism in Australia. Report to IFAW, Surry Hills Australia. 34 pages. O’Connor, S. 2005b. The Growth of Whale Watching in Sydney 2003‐2004: Economic Perspectives. Report to IFAW, Surry Hills Australia. 13 pages. O’Connor, S. 2008. Pacific Islands Whale Watch Tourism: a Region‐wide Review of Activity. Report to IFAW, Surry Hills Australia. 20 pages. O’Connor, S. 2008. Whale Watching Tourism in the Kingdom of Tonga: whale and dolphin watching in the Pacific Islands region phase 2: country case study’ a report for IFAW and Opération Cétacés in conjunction with Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial and the Kingdom of Tonga. O’Connor, S. 2008. A review of whale watching economics and activities on the Gold Coast Sironi, M., Schteinbarg, R., Losano, P., Carlson, C. 2005. Sustainable whale watching at Península Valdés, Argentina. An assessment by owners and captains of local whale watch companies. Paper SC/57/WW2 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, Ulsan, Korea. 9pp. Wiley, D.N., Moller, J.C., Carlson, C. 2004, Compliance with voluntary speed guidelines by the commercial whale watching industry in and around the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Paper SC/56/WW9 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, Sorrento, Italy. 9pp. 22
Executive Summary Ten years after the last global review of the worldwide whale watching industry, the International Fund for Animal Welfare has commissioned Economists at Large to undertake an update report to measure the change in this industry across the world since 1998. This report presents the findings of a 2008 review of the global whale watching industry 7 . In 1998, the global whale watching industry was already well established, with over 9 million whale watchers across 87 countries and territories spanning every continent of the globe. At that time, the industry was estimated to generate over US$1 billion in total expenditure 8 . Ten years later, in 2008, we see an industry that has grown strongly, expanding across more countries and territories, and continuing to develop in those countries with long established industries. In 2008, 13 million people participated in whale watching in 119 countries and territories, generating total expenditure of $2.1 billion. Furthermore, an estimated 3,300 operators offer whale watching trips around the world. The operators employ an estimated 13,200 people. The most recent decade has been tumultuous for global tourism, with the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the impact of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), and the effects of various wars. This resulted in flat or negative growth globally in international inbound tourism in four of those last ten years. Across the globe, the whale watching industry has grown at an average rate of 3.7% per year, comparing well against global tourism growth of 4.2% per year over the same period. But the growth rate of whale watching at a global level tells only part of the story. At a regional level, average annual growth has occurred well above growth in tourism rates in five of the seven regions in this report: Asia (17% per year), Central America and the Caribbean (13% per year), South America (10% per year), Oceania and the Pacific Islands (10% per year) and Europe (7%), evidence of strongly emerging industries. Concomitantly, the economic activity generated by whale watch tourists has also grown. In 2008, global ticket sales for whale watching trips generated $870 million (direct expenditure), with subsequent indirect expenditure attributed to whale watching generating $1.2 billion resulting in total whale watching expenditure of $2.1 billion. Clearly, the industry has grown from its place servicing a select niche tourism market, to one that in parts of the globe has hit the mainstream. 7 Whale watching in this report includes all wild cetaceans – whales, dolphins and porpoises. 8 All dollars in this report have been converted to US dollars. 23
Page 1 and 2: Whale Watching Worldwide Tourism nu
Page 3 and 4: Whale Watching Worldwide: Tourism n
Page 5 and 6: GEORGIA, UKRAINE AND RUSSIA - BLACK
Page 7 and 8: ST. LUCIA..........................
Page 9 and 10: Foreword: IFAW and Whale Watching 1
Page 11 and 12: Sidney Holt, at that time IFAW Scie
Page 13 and 14: Australia, New Zealand and the Sout
Page 15 and 16: watching trips started (Papastavrou
Page 17 and 18: For the past four years, IFAW has c
Page 19 and 20: • Research on the effectiveness o
Page 21: Hoyt, E. 2001. Whale Watching 2001:
Page 25 and 26: South America too is showing strong
Page 27 and 28: Map of the global distribution of w
Page 29 and 30: Introduction Cultures across the gl
Page 31 and 32: was achieved. Responses in many cou
Page 33 and 34: Generally in economics, ‘indirect
Page 35 and 36: February 2009 for consistency. Desp
Page 38 and 39: Regions The following section of th
Page 40 and 41: AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST Year Number
Page 42: Summary of country results Country
Page 45 and 46: Benin Year Number of whale watchers
Page 47 and 48: Canary Islands Year Number of whale
Page 49 and 50: Egypt Year Number of whale watchers
Page 51 and 52: Local Case Study: Samadai Reef, Egy
Page 53 and 54: Gabon Year Number of whale watchers
Page 55 and 56: Mervyn Baldwin (Pleasuresports Gamb
Page 57 and 58: In February 2009, political protest
Page 59 and 60: • Local people make up a signific
Page 61 and 62: Mauritius Year Number of whale watc
Page 63 and 64: Acknowledgements: Nils Bertrand (Se
Page 65 and 66: egulation of the industry and has c
Page 67 and 68: novel Static Acoustic Monitoring te
Page 69 and 70: Main species: Large cetaceans: Bryd
Page 71 and 72: São Tomé and Príncipe Year Numbe
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Seychelles Year Number of whale wat
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Land‐based whale watching also co
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Local Case Study: Hermanus, South A
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Although the industry is clearly im
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The type of cetacean watching shows
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Croatia Year Number of whale watche
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Denmark Year Number of whale watche
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France Year Number of whale watcher
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Germany Year Number of whale watche
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Greece Year Number of whale watcher
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There is also a whale watching indu
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Main species: Large cetaceans: blue
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solved through dialogue with fisher
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Dolphin watch tours last two hours
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Monaco Year Number of whale watcher
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Main species: Large cetaceans: hump
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Main species: Large cetaceans: blue
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Neves‐Graça, K. 2004. Revisiting
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Portugal ‐ Mainland Year Number o
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Acknowledgements: Tilen Genov of Mo
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United Kingdom Year Number of whale
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Scotland Year Number of whale watch
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Wales Year Number of whale watchers
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Asia Year Number of whale watchers
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122
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Cambodia and Laos Year Number of wh
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China China (Mainland) Year Number
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expenditure figure is largely expla
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Georgia, Ukraine and Russia - Black
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Ganges River dolphin and Irrawaddy
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Whales migrate between the Pacific
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Kyushu Year Number of whale watcher
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Ogasawara, Miyakejima, Mikurajima Y
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Acknowledgements: Thanks to all eig
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Local Case Study: Japan Internation
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Maldives Year Number of whale watch
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Thanks to Brian Smith of WCS for hi
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Philippines Year Number of whale wa
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September to May. Puerto Princessa
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Sri Lanka Year Number of whale watc
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Main species: Small cetaceans: Irra
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epresents a significant average ann
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158
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Antarctica Year Number of whale wat
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Australia Year Number of whale watc
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Queensland Year Number of whale wat
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New South Wales Year Number of whal
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Victoria Year Number of whale watch
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Tasmania Year Number of whale watch
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although the management plan for th
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Main species: Large cetaceans: hump
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• It is the only known predictabl
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Main species: Tourists: Large cetac
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formal cetacean watching industry 4
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Acknowledgements: Michael Poole (Ma
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Midway Year Number of whale watcher
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Acknowledgements: Claire Garrigue a
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North Island Year Number of whale w
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Main species: Large cetaceans: sper
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Palau Year Number of whale watchers
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References: Research for this count
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References: Research for this count
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North America Year Number of whale
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200
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British Columbia Year Number of wha
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Québec Year Number of whale watche
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Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Year
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Most whale watchers in Newfoundland
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Acknowledgements: Thanks to the ope
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St. Pierre and Miquelon Year Number
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Alaska Year Number of whale watcher
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Hawaii Year Number of whale watcher
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Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Maui, Oah
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considerably less than those depart
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Nevertheless, the industry is undou
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With the number of boat‐based wha
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In Santa Barbara and Ventura County
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New England Year Number of whale wa
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Local Case Study: Stellwagen Bank,
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Cetacean watching in Virginia is ba
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participated in a workshop on the p
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Central America and Caribbean Year
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Summary of country results Country
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Antigua and Barbuda Year Number of
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organise dedicated land‐based act
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Bermuda Year Number of whale watche
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Costa Rica Year Number of whale wat
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neighbours, earning it the reputati
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Dominican Republic Year Number of w
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Grenada Year Number of whale watche
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Acknowledgements: Evasion Tropicale
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Jamaica Year Number of whale watche
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Maillard, J 2004, ‘Orientations R
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Panama Year Number of whale watcher
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St. Kitts and Nevis Year Number of
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Acknowledgements: Thanks to two ope
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Turks and Caicos Islands Year Numbe
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South America Year: Number of whale
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270
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References: Hoyt, E & Iñíguez, M
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Estimated employment 62 numbers: Ma
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Main species: Large cetaceans: Bryd
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Falkland Islands (Las Malvinas) Yea
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References: Hoyt, E & Iñíguez, M
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Venezuela Year Number of whale watc
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thouands. Through the 1990s, two re
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for starting up sustainable whale w
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Bibliography Agardy, T, Aguilar, N,
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Hoyt, E 2001, ‘Whale Watching 200
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SPREP, Whale and Dolphin Action Pla
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A. Business name: B. Contact name:
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