Resource Book on Horticulture Nursery Management

general rule, releases should be made in a cool part of the day (early or late), under
favorable weather conditions and at a time of year that the specific biopesticides finds
suitable. Biopesticides purchased from a reliable and knowledgeable supplier has a better
quality. However, there are some factors, such as shipping conditions that are out of the
supplier’s control. These factors must be taken care of with the help of the supplier.
Environmental Conditions in Area of Release:
Like all living organisms, biopesticides have specific requirements and limits for
life. The conditions present in the area of release of biopesticides should be taken into
consideration prior to making the release. For example, some species of predatory mites
will do better under hot, dry conditions while still others will perform better under cooler
high humidity conditions. Lighting can also have a dramatic impact on biopesticides. For
example, the mealy bug destroyer beetle will slow or stop its reproduction, feeding and
growth if supplemental lighting is not sufficient in winter months. If releasing a mobile
stage of a natural enemy (e.g. adults that can fly), it may sometimes be advisable to cage
the biopesticides on infested plants for a day or two to allow them to become accustomed
to their new surroundings. The presence of pest insects will also encourage reproduction
and reduce the likelihood that they will leave the area. In some cases, the presence of
nectar-bearing plants or other food sources (e.g. aphid honeydew) may also encourage
natural enemy populations.
Pesticide use may be the most important consideration when including biopesticides
in a pest management program. Spraying for pests other than those being targeted by
biopesticides releases may interfere with or eliminate the biopesticides. Care should be
taken to avoid spraying materials harmful to biopesticides directly before, during and
after release. If spraying must be conducted, it is important to find out which pesticides
have the least effect on biopesticides.
4.2.5 Integrated Pest Management in Horticulture Nursery
Management
The widespread introduction of high yielding cultivars and adoption of intensive
crop management practices resulted in substantial increase in yields. Side by side it has
also improved the conditions for insects, diseases, weeds, rodents and nematodes. Yield
losses due to these pests range from 30-40%. Thus, the role of plant health coverage in
agriculture production and sustainable productivity cannot be overlooked. Like any other
technology, the concept of plant protection has also been changing with time, situation
and understanding. To protect our environment, plant health coverage materials and
methods should be eco-friendly and least hazardous. This has become more relevant in
view of the gradual change in our outlook towards pesticides and other harmful toxic
chemicals. Ornate, but slowly people have become more conscious of health and ecosystem
giving rebirth to organic farming. The concept of "Integrated Pest Management"
originated basically to have a healthy approach to plant protection and reducing the use of
hazardous and toxic chemicals.
Thus, I.P.M, is a "pest management system that in the context of the associated
<strong>Resource</strong> <strong>Book</strong> on Horticulture Nursery Management : 88