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claridades’. 228 That is what humour in comic books did in order to complain about the social and political situation and to offer a critique of the authorities and society itself. Through humour and the language of the comics, these three authors were able to portray and criticise the concerns of the time. Cinema worked theoretically in a similar way. However, it was more closely watched by censorship committees, more often co-opted by the authorities, more dependent on governmental money, and more elitist because of the cost of going to the cinema. 228 La Familia Burrón, 17189, p. 25. 161
Chapter 4 Laughter and reflection, coming soon to a cinema near you: analysis of four films El humor es la gran coraza con la que uno se defiende de este valle de lágrimas. Camilo José Cela In the previous chapter I discussed the use of humour in comic narratives to indict the failings of the authorities. We recognised those humorous expressions related to political issues and considered the rationale (and benefit) for using humour to criticise. However, we also saw that humour was used to highlight social tensions – flaws which should be corrected – which indicates that at least a part of society was aware of their role in making Mexico a better country. I will undertake a similar analysis in this chapter, but focusing instead on films. I will begin by outlining briefly the state of Mexican cinema from 1969 to 1976. Although it is tempting to explore the history of film and filmmakers in Mexico more broadly, I will confine this discussion to the general circumstances of Mexican cinema immediately prior to Luis Echeverría’s time in office, focussing on how his policies influenced filmmakers, and the changes that were experienced in the film industry during his presidential term. The intention is to illustrate why certain topics –such as Mexican politics, society, sexuality, among others- were discussed in some films during this period when they had not been widely discussed before. Interest in the cinema began early, when the invention of the cinematographer was presented to the President Porfirio Díaz. A few years later the first Mexican filmmakers appeared, but, according to Andrea Noble, it was not until the 1930s that the
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HUMOUR AS POLITICAL RESISTANCE AND
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Abstract This research focuses on t
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments
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The breaking of the rule ………
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Acknowledgments After so many years
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fantastic friends who are now part
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Introduction Dime de qué te ríes,
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And what about comics? Comics take
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helps us to understand a specific c
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were expecting a funny story. In ad
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Román Gubern’s ideas of visual a
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Chapter 1 Laughing when it hurts: A
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etween varieties of terminology in
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than just disjunctions in the narra
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serve as the basic vehicle for the
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so that there are parts which are n
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her body, she has a large round red
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classified jokes and humour and des
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case of Excélsior showed. 50 So, p
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We might find this joke funny becau
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absentmindedness in men and in even
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oken the rule of being respectful w
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Even though humour can work as a so
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sentiments, develop and perpetuate
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jokes are ‘a useful means of diss
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Other authors consider that in fact
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neutralise our feelings because lau
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power for thirty-five uninterrupted
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-and in the subsequent years- did n
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numbers of businessmen, workers and
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undermining the image of a dictator
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people’. 50 It aimed for an appar
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cambio (exclusivamente verbal), por
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university. In the film El Águila
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gave money in secret to Scherer to
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men appeared and beat many of the s
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Thus they decided to fight against
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PDLP, 115 captured those they thoug
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money without working because they
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information on antagonistic groups,
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Although the violent methods were o
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those who appeared to be hippies, h
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ock and roll and read the writers o
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Chapter 3 Laughter and reflection,
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are richer and carry more informati
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two years later the formula was rep
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magic will punish those who are hur
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time: Regino Burrón and his demand
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around them, in La Familia Burrón
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In 2008 Gabriel Vargas said: ‘el
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story, such as the Licenciado askin
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were discussed. In that chapter we
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the flat roof of the vecindad 49 or
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True humour: humour as social compl
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those in power for citizens in trou
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puro macanazo me convenció! Yo ni
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Machismo is another topic which eme
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dibujaba Rius en los sesenta como u
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One last example from Los Agachados
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collect a large amount of money to
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In the same episode in which Borola
Page 124 and 125: As we may remember, Freud also sugg
Page 126 and 127: alleges. 102 So, through the misfor
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Page 130 and 131: Superiority and antithesis In the f
Page 132 and 133: gaining a sense of victory over the
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Page 140 and 141: the actions of their antithesis, su
Page 142 and 143: controlling our fear. We could argu
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Page 148 and 149: sistema de valores, pero por lo men
Page 150 and 151: ‘Pues sí: siendo rojos, tienen q
Page 152 and 153: of the joke we are too wise to beli
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Page 156 and 157: campo.’ 187 But this does not mea
Page 158 and 159: Police As seen above, the police ap
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Page 164 and 165: speaks openly about the paramilitar
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Page 168 and 169: point of view. This group makes ref
Page 170 and 171: we think about them. However, if we
Page 172 and 173: would be mere entertainment. Yet th
Page 176 and 177: industry finally blossomed. 1 This
Page 178 and 179: make their own statements’. 13 In
Page 180 and 181: with Corona that Arau became politi
Page 182 and 183: The film was shot in 1971 and the p
Page 184 and 185: Echeverría sexenio he continued wo
Page 186 and 187: around the world. 45 It is consider
Page 188 and 189: eceived by the critics 53 but the p
Page 190 and 191: evident in some films than in other
Page 192 and 193: eal inspector has arrived, there is
Page 194 and 195: indicio) 67 which set the audience
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Page 198 and 199: artists are in a coffee shop discus
Page 200 and 201: However, after this demonstration o
Page 202 and 203: the milk in a metal pot, which make
Page 204 and 205: ‘¡pelos, pelos!’ 92 Tiliches a
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Page 208 and 209: liberating us from their control an
Page 210 and 211: for the way he is dressed. They arg
Page 212 and 213: Superiority We have seen that humou
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Page 218 and 219: During another event, the journalis
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211 DA: Raza de majaderos, eso es l
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elationship between conquerors and
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marked limp and when Eufemio sees h
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light side’), we are presumably b
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no se va a poder [cheat on him]. Po
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un disfraz inimaginable’. Don Per
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Policeman: La lengua Poncho: De ham
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sombreros, indicating that they are
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we may feel consolation in Critchle
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criticises the abuse and dishonesty
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young one whose job is to carry the
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population. They were made in diffe
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elaxed or to break the tension afte
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In the section Speaking the Unspeak
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Conclusion This research has shown
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We also saw how films and comics co
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negatively depicted in films. The e
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the army in an unfavourable light.
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Tlatelolco in 1968, and the Halcona
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message. This kind of analysis, acc
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story. They were identified by high
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deep thought, etc. 21 ‘Even the s
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distinguished the concern of his gi
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Appendix 2 Tables The following cha
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Mechanisms of humour Los Agachados
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Mechanisms of humour Films Calzonzi
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Mechanisms of humour Mecánica Naci
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Bibliography Agnew, Bob, ‘¡Viva
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Brewster, Keith, ed., Reflections o
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----------, The Role of the Reader.
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Jardón, Raúl, 1968, el fuego de l
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Oikión Solano, Verónica, Marta Eu
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Zolov, Eric, Rebeldes con causa. La
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Bracho, Diana, ‘El cine mexicano:
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[accessed 28 February 2010] Monsiv
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Films Ahí está el detalle, dir. b
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