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people’. 50 It aimed for an apparent change in political life. However, during his presidential term and despite his rhetoric, things did not change. 51 Echeverría saw the importance of the mass media and used it to promote the achievements and values of the state. He wanted to gain credibility and improve his image. 52 He spoke of freedom in the media. Thus, he encouraged the press to ask whatever they wanted, and the intellectuals and artists to deal with any topic.The president ‘reiteraba en público y en privado: un gobierno honrado y una prensa independiente son puntales de la sociedad democrática’. 53 According to the president nothing was prohibited, although in some cases, like the cinema, there was a group of censors 54 which gave recommendations to filmmakers and had the last word regarding whether a film could be shot or screened. 55 Comics and printed publications were censored under similar regulations. 56 In other cases, the government censored publications covertly, such as the newspaper Excélsior in 1976. Sometimes violent repression was used, as in 1971 against another student demonstration, and against the guerrilla groups. Luis Echeverría created policies which represented a change of direction from previous administrations. He proclaimed the ‘second stage of agricultural reform’, increasing the productivity of the ejidos, making them collective and trying to increase 50 José Luis Reyna, ‘Redefining the Authoritarian Regime’, in Authoritarianism in Mexico, ed. by José Luis Reyna and Richard S. Weinert (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1977), pp. 155-171 (p. 165). 51 Luis Salazar, ‘Agotamiento de la hegemonía mexicana revolucionaria y transición política’, in México a fines de siglo… pp. 342-376 (p. 343). 52 Héctor Aguilar Camín, Saldos de la revolución. Cultura política de México, 1910-1980 (México: Editorial Nueva Imagen, 1982), p. 175. 53 Julio Scherer García, Los presidentes (Mexico: Debolsillo, 2007), p. 73. 54 It is important to mention that this was created before Echeverría’s term, in January 1957. Its original aim was ‘prohibir todas las películas mexicanas y extranjeras que presenten desnudos y traten temas inmorales’, although over time, it also forbade topics that were critical of the government. Eric Zolov, Rebeldes con causa. La contracultura Mexicana y la crisis del Estado patriarcal, trans. by Rafael Vargas Escalante (Mexico: Norma, 2002), p. 50. 55 José Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana 2… p. 62. 56 Full information about the office in charge of censorship for magazines and comics can be found in Anne Rubinstein, Del Pepín a Los Agachados. Cómic y censura en el México posrevolucionario, trans. by Victoria Schussheim (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2004), pp. 172-193. 51
the harvest as much as possible. This policy was intended to make Mexico self- sufficient in agriculture. However, the expected growth in the agricultural sector never came; years of neglect meant that far more was needed. 57 The problem did not start during Echeverría’s term but in the mid-1960s. 58 The crisis and poverty of the Mexican countryside and the peasants is portrayed and discussed in Los Agachados and in some episodes of La Familia Burrón when they visit their friend Briagoberto Memelas, a rural cacique, as well as in the film Calzonzin Inspector, in which all the inhabitants of the little town San Garabato suffer the ravages of crisis. Echeverría ‘promoted himself outside Mexico, traveling around the world, including to communist or left-leaning countries such as Chile, Cuba, China, East Germany and the USSR’ 59 trying to become the leader of the third world, believing that after his presidential term, he could become General Secretary of the UN. 60 He also attended the United Nations to support the accession of China. His support of China was understood, in a way, as a message that Mexico would not do what the United States wanted it to. 61 However, some in the private sector started to believe that Echeverría had left wing tendencies, and were not pleased with some of his decisions. Links between the state and the private sector diminished, and the two sides openly disagreed. 62 Echeverría, in attempting to gain the confidence of those who opposed the government in 1968, asked young people, mainly graduates of UNAM and other public schools, to be part of his administration. Some were reluctant, but others, many with no history of activity in PRI, considered it an opportunity, and they joined the government: ‘Los profesionistas, en especial economistas y politólogos, aceptan su llamado al 57 José Agustín, Tragicomedia Mexicana 2… p. 24. 58 Gustavo Gordillo, ‘La problemática del campo en la modernización’, in México a fines de siglo… p. 309. 59 Krauze, La presidencia imperial… p. 374. 60 Personal communication with Carlos Montemayor, 15 December 2008. 61 José Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana 2… p. 38. 62 Basañez, El pulso de los sexenios… pp. 44, 55, 59. 52
Page 1 and 2:
HUMOUR AS POLITICAL RESISTANCE AND
Page 4 and 5:
Abstract This research focuses on t
Page 6 and 7:
Table of Contents Acknowledgments
Page 8 and 9:
The breaking of the rule ………
Page 10 and 11:
Acknowledgments After so many years
Page 12 and 13:
fantastic friends who are now part
Page 14 and 15: Introduction Dime de qué te ríes,
Page 16 and 17: And what about comics? Comics take
Page 18 and 19: helps us to understand a specific c
Page 20 and 21: were expecting a funny story. In ad
Page 22 and 23: Román Gubern’s ideas of visual a
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1 Laughing when it hurts: A
Page 26 and 27: etween varieties of terminology in
Page 28 and 29: than just disjunctions in the narra
Page 30 and 31: serve as the basic vehicle for the
Page 32 and 33: so that there are parts which are n
Page 34 and 35: her body, she has a large round red
Page 36 and 37: classified jokes and humour and des
Page 38 and 39: case of Excélsior showed. 50 So, p
Page 40 and 41: We might find this joke funny becau
Page 42 and 43: absentmindedness in men and in even
Page 44 and 45: oken the rule of being respectful w
Page 46 and 47: Even though humour can work as a so
Page 48 and 49: sentiments, develop and perpetuate
Page 50 and 51: jokes are ‘a useful means of diss
Page 52 and 53: Other authors consider that in fact
Page 54 and 55: neutralise our feelings because lau
Page 56 and 57: power for thirty-five uninterrupted
Page 58 and 59: -and in the subsequent years- did n
Page 60 and 61: numbers of businessmen, workers and
Page 62 and 63: undermining the image of a dictator
Page 66 and 67: cambio (exclusivamente verbal), por
Page 68 and 69: university. In the film El Águila
Page 70 and 71: gave money in secret to Scherer to
Page 72 and 73: men appeared and beat many of the s
Page 74 and 75: Thus they decided to fight against
Page 76 and 77: PDLP, 115 captured those they thoug
Page 78 and 79: money without working because they
Page 80 and 81: information on antagonistic groups,
Page 82 and 83: Although the violent methods were o
Page 84 and 85: those who appeared to be hippies, h
Page 86 and 87: ock and roll and read the writers o
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 Laughter and reflection,
Page 90 and 91: are richer and carry more informati
Page 92 and 93: two years later the formula was rep
Page 94 and 95: magic will punish those who are hur
Page 96 and 97: time: Regino Burrón and his demand
Page 98 and 99: around them, in La Familia Burrón
Page 100 and 101: In 2008 Gabriel Vargas said: ‘el
Page 102 and 103: story, such as the Licenciado askin
Page 104 and 105: were discussed. In that chapter we
Page 106 and 107: the flat roof of the vecindad 49 or
Page 108 and 109: True humour: humour as social compl
Page 110 and 111: those in power for citizens in trou
Page 112 and 113: puro macanazo me convenció! Yo ni
Page 114 and 115:
Machismo is another topic which eme
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dibujaba Rius en los sesenta como u
Page 118 and 119:
One last example from Los Agachados
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collect a large amount of money to
Page 122 and 123:
In the same episode in which Borola
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As we may remember, Freud also sugg
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alleges. 102 So, through the misfor
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apart and the reader enjoys the pol
Page 130 and 131:
Superiority and antithesis In the f
Page 132 and 133:
gaining a sense of victory over the
Page 134 and 135:
are in better position than us, at
Page 136 and 137:
Differences between groups of youth
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eaction is no more compassionate. T
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the actions of their antithesis, su
Page 142 and 143:
controlling our fear. We could argu
Page 144 and 145:
democracy, even if the official Par
Page 146 and 147:
policeman is not acting in the way
Page 148 and 149:
sistema de valores, pero por lo men
Page 150 and 151:
‘Pues sí: siendo rojos, tienen q
Page 152 and 153:
of the joke we are too wise to beli
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allows us to discuss the existence
Page 156 and 157:
campo.’ 187 But this does not mea
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Police As seen above, the police ap
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The police talk openly and unashame
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Nicanor was a victim of police brut
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speaks openly about the paramilitar
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demanded land reform: ‘consiguier
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point of view. This group makes ref
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we think about them. However, if we
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would be mere entertainment. Yet th
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claridades’. 228 That is what hum
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industry finally blossomed. 1 This
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make their own statements’. 13 In
Page 180 and 181:
with Corona that Arau became politi
Page 182 and 183:
The film was shot in 1971 and the p
Page 184 and 185:
Echeverría sexenio he continued wo
Page 186 and 187:
around the world. 45 It is consider
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eceived by the critics 53 but the p
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evident in some films than in other
Page 192 and 193:
eal inspector has arrived, there is
Page 194 and 195:
indicio) 67 which set the audience
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es una pura y celestial chiripada
Page 198 and 199:
artists are in a coffee shop discus
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However, after this demonstration o
Page 202 and 203:
the milk in a metal pot, which make
Page 204 and 205:
‘¡pelos, pelos!’ 92 Tiliches a
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más favorable de la que, no obstan
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liberating us from their control an
Page 210 and 211:
for the way he is dressed. They arg
Page 212 and 213:
Superiority We have seen that humou
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or with that what which is prohibit
Page 216 and 217:
world and change the situation in w
Page 218 and 219:
During another event, the journalis
Page 220 and 221:
antipathy or resentment toward disp
Page 222 and 223:
Peasant: Ya va pa’treinta años d
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211 DA: Raza de majaderos, eso es l
Page 226 and 227:
elationship between conquerors and
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marked limp and when Eufemio sees h
Page 230 and 231:
light side’), we are presumably b
Page 232 and 233:
no se va a poder [cheat on him]. Po
Page 234 and 235:
un disfraz inimaginable’. Don Per
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Policeman: La lengua Poncho: De ham
Page 238 and 239:
sombreros, indicating that they are
Page 240 and 241:
we may feel consolation in Critchle
Page 242 and 243:
criticises the abuse and dishonesty
Page 244 and 245:
young one whose job is to carry the
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population. They were made in diffe
Page 248 and 249:
elaxed or to break the tension afte
Page 250 and 251:
In the section Speaking the Unspeak
Page 252 and 253:
Conclusion This research has shown
Page 254 and 255:
We also saw how films and comics co
Page 256 and 257:
negatively depicted in films. The e
Page 258 and 259:
the army in an unfavourable light.
Page 260 and 261:
Tlatelolco in 1968, and the Halcona
Page 262 and 263:
message. This kind of analysis, acc
Page 264 and 265:
story. They were identified by high
Page 266 and 267:
deep thought, etc. 21 ‘Even the s
Page 268 and 269:
distinguished the concern of his gi
Page 270 and 271:
Appendix 2 Tables The following cha
Page 272 and 273:
Mechanisms of humour Los Agachados
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Mechanisms of humour Films Calzonzi
Page 276 and 277:
Mechanisms of humour Mecánica Naci
Page 278 and 279:
Bibliography Agnew, Bob, ‘¡Viva
Page 280 and 281:
Brewster, Keith, ed., Reflections o
Page 282 and 283:
----------, The Role of the Reader.
Page 284 and 285:
Jardón, Raúl, 1968, el fuego de l
Page 286 and 287:
Oikión Solano, Verónica, Marta Eu
Page 288 and 289:
Zolov, Eric, Rebeldes con causa. La
Page 290 and 291:
Bracho, Diana, ‘El cine mexicano:
Page 292 and 293:
[accessed 28 February 2010] Monsiv
Page 294:
Films Ahí está el detalle, dir. b
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