Leticia Neria PhD thesis - Research@StAndrews:FullText ...

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money without working because they are tired of being poor and consider that wealth is unfairly distributed. They are called ‘los inconformes’, and there are images which link them with guerrilla movements, such as posters of a guerrillero similar to those who fought in the Cuban revolution, or, as we just mentioned, the use of words related to guerrilla movements. 127 In September 1973 La Liga attempted to kidnap a businessman, Eugenio Garza Sada, who died during the attempt. In the same year, La Liga kidnapped another businessman and a diplomat from Great Britain, demanding five million pesos and the release and transfer to North Korea of 51 political prisoners. Luis Echeverría decided against negotiating with any of the rebel groups. 128 La Liga decided to liberate the diplomat but to kill the businessman. La Liga was clearly violent in their acts and methods: ‘eran atroces las huellas del salvajismo desatado en su rostro y a lo largo del cuerpo. El Bajío se incendió de rabia y temor’. 129 Echeverría moved against them without mercy. ‘Con todas las armas, el gobierno se preparó para enfrentar el terrorismo urbano. Su razonamiento fue brutal: al terrorismo guerrillero enfrentaría el terrorismo de Estado’. 130 And the Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS) was there to do the job. At the end of 1973 the DFS, commanded by Nazar Haro, created the Brigada Blanca, 131 a group to fight against urban guerrillas -La Liga was one of many groups carrying out clandestine activities and confronting the authorities in the cities. 132 By 127 Gabriel Vargas, La Familia Burrón, 17195. 128 Scherer, ‘Los patriotas’, p. 132. 129 Ibid., p. 118. 130 Ibid., p. 134. 131 The group began operating under the name Brigada Especial but changed it after confrontations with the Brigada Roja, a faction of the Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre. The group was comprised of 250 agents from the DFS, the Dirección de Investigaciones para la Prevención de la Delincuencia (DIPS), the military police, and the Policía Judicial. Torres, Nazar. La historia secreta… pp. 87-88. 132 For example, Fuerzas Revolucionarias Armadas del Pueblo (FRAP) appeared in 4 May 1973, dissatisfied by government exploitation of peasants and workers. They kidnapped the American consul in Guadalajara, Terrance Georges Leonhardy, and released him after all their demands were met by the government. Castellanos, México armado… pp. 211-212. 65
1974 the DFS had weakened many of the rebel groups, including La Liga. 133 However, a further wave of kidnappings brought concern both to the public and to the private sector. The latter demanded solutions from the government. 134 Echeverría remained steadfast even after his own father in law was abducted. 135 The DFS was directed to find those involved in the kidnappings, get information using any method necessary, and punish those responsible. Many were detained and interrogated, including some who were already in prison, and relatives of guerrilla members. 136 The decline of La Liga began in 1976 when they attempted to kidnap the sister of the newly-elected president, José López Portillo, to demand the release of all their members from prison. The attack was unsuccessful. 137 During that year Brigada Blanca continued hunting La Liga, and although left wing political organisations were clamouring for the freedom of the guerrilleros and the opponents of the regime, the Home Secretary insisted that in the country ‘no hay presos políticos ni “delincuentes políticos”, quienes están en prisión son simples “terroristas y saboteadores” ’. 138 By 1990, La Liga had completely disappeared. 139 The counterattack Mexican intelligence services began operating in the late 1940s. One branch was known as the Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS). 140 It was charged with collecting 133 Aguayo, La charola… p. 181. 134 Thus, we should not be surprised about the negative depiction of the ‘inconformes’ in La Familia Burrón since they threatened ordinary people. 135 Torres, Nazar, la historia secreta… p. 91. 136 In fact, the father of one of the leaders of FRAP, after being secretly tortured, appeared on TV asking his son to release José Guadalupe Zuno Hernández, Echeverría’s father in law. The pressure worked and Zuno was freed. According to Aguayo, there are versions that Zuno Hernández was released because the government secretly agreed to liberate some jailed guerrilla members. Aguayo, La Charola… pp. 180- 181. 137 Scherer, ‘Los patriotas’… p. 133. 138 Castellanos, México armado… p. 271-272. 139 Ibid., p. 350. 140 Aguayo, La Charola… p. 62. 66
Page 1 and 2:
HUMOUR AS POLITICAL RESISTANCE AND
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Abstract This research focuses on t
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments
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The breaking of the rule ………
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Acknowledgments After so many years
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fantastic friends who are now part
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Introduction Dime de qué te ríes,
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And what about comics? Comics take
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helps us to understand a specific c
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were expecting a funny story. In ad
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Román Gubern’s ideas of visual a
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Chapter 1 Laughing when it hurts: A
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etween varieties of terminology in
Page 28 and 29: than just disjunctions in the narra
Page 30 and 31: serve as the basic vehicle for the
Page 32 and 33: so that there are parts which are n
Page 34 and 35: her body, she has a large round red
Page 36 and 37: classified jokes and humour and des
Page 38 and 39: case of Excélsior showed. 50 So, p
Page 40 and 41: We might find this joke funny becau
Page 42 and 43: absentmindedness in men and in even
Page 44 and 45: oken the rule of being respectful w
Page 46 and 47: Even though humour can work as a so
Page 48 and 49: sentiments, develop and perpetuate
Page 50 and 51: jokes are ‘a useful means of diss
Page 52 and 53: Other authors consider that in fact
Page 54 and 55: neutralise our feelings because lau
Page 56 and 57: power for thirty-five uninterrupted
Page 58 and 59: -and in the subsequent years- did n
Page 60 and 61: numbers of businessmen, workers and
Page 62 and 63: undermining the image of a dictator
Page 64 and 65: people’. 50 It aimed for an appar
Page 66 and 67: cambio (exclusivamente verbal), por
Page 68 and 69: university. In the film El Águila
Page 70 and 71: gave money in secret to Scherer to
Page 72 and 73: men appeared and beat many of the s
Page 74 and 75: Thus they decided to fight against
Page 76 and 77: PDLP, 115 captured those they thoug
Page 80 and 81: information on antagonistic groups,
Page 82 and 83: Although the violent methods were o
Page 84 and 85: those who appeared to be hippies, h
Page 86 and 87: ock and roll and read the writers o
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 Laughter and reflection,
Page 90 and 91: are richer and carry more informati
Page 92 and 93: two years later the formula was rep
Page 94 and 95: magic will punish those who are hur
Page 96 and 97: time: Regino Burrón and his demand
Page 98 and 99: around them, in La Familia Burrón
Page 100 and 101: In 2008 Gabriel Vargas said: ‘el
Page 102 and 103: story, such as the Licenciado askin
Page 104 and 105: were discussed. In that chapter we
Page 106 and 107: the flat roof of the vecindad 49 or
Page 108 and 109: True humour: humour as social compl
Page 110 and 111: those in power for citizens in trou
Page 112 and 113: puro macanazo me convenció! Yo ni
Page 114 and 115: Machismo is another topic which eme
Page 116 and 117: dibujaba Rius en los sesenta como u
Page 118 and 119: One last example from Los Agachados
Page 120 and 121: collect a large amount of money to
Page 122 and 123: In the same episode in which Borola
Page 124 and 125: As we may remember, Freud also sugg
Page 126 and 127: alleges. 102 So, through the misfor
Page 128 and 129:
apart and the reader enjoys the pol
Page 130 and 131:
Superiority and antithesis In the f
Page 132 and 133:
gaining a sense of victory over the
Page 134 and 135:
are in better position than us, at
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Differences between groups of youth
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eaction is no more compassionate. T
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the actions of their antithesis, su
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controlling our fear. We could argu
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democracy, even if the official Par
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policeman is not acting in the way
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sistema de valores, pero por lo men
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‘Pues sí: siendo rojos, tienen q
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of the joke we are too wise to beli
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allows us to discuss the existence
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campo.’ 187 But this does not mea
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Police As seen above, the police ap
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The police talk openly and unashame
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Nicanor was a victim of police brut
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speaks openly about the paramilitar
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demanded land reform: ‘consiguier
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point of view. This group makes ref
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we think about them. However, if we
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would be mere entertainment. Yet th
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claridades’. 228 That is what hum
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industry finally blossomed. 1 This
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make their own statements’. 13 In
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with Corona that Arau became politi
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The film was shot in 1971 and the p
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Echeverría sexenio he continued wo
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around the world. 45 It is consider
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eceived by the critics 53 but the p
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evident in some films than in other
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eal inspector has arrived, there is
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indicio) 67 which set the audience
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es una pura y celestial chiripada
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artists are in a coffee shop discus
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However, after this demonstration o
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the milk in a metal pot, which make
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‘¡pelos, pelos!’ 92 Tiliches a
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más favorable de la que, no obstan
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liberating us from their control an
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for the way he is dressed. They arg
Page 212 and 213:
Superiority We have seen that humou
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or with that what which is prohibit
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world and change the situation in w
Page 218 and 219:
During another event, the journalis
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antipathy or resentment toward disp
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Peasant: Ya va pa’treinta años d
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211 DA: Raza de majaderos, eso es l
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elationship between conquerors and
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marked limp and when Eufemio sees h
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light side’), we are presumably b
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no se va a poder [cheat on him]. Po
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un disfraz inimaginable’. Don Per
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Policeman: La lengua Poncho: De ham
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sombreros, indicating that they are
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we may feel consolation in Critchle
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criticises the abuse and dishonesty
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young one whose job is to carry the
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population. They were made in diffe
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elaxed or to break the tension afte
Page 250 and 251:
In the section Speaking the Unspeak
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Conclusion This research has shown
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We also saw how films and comics co
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negatively depicted in films. The e
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the army in an unfavourable light.
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Tlatelolco in 1968, and the Halcona
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message. This kind of analysis, acc
Page 264 and 265:
story. They were identified by high
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deep thought, etc. 21 ‘Even the s
Page 268 and 269:
distinguished the concern of his gi
Page 270 and 271:
Appendix 2 Tables The following cha
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Mechanisms of humour Los Agachados
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Mechanisms of humour Films Calzonzi
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Mechanisms of humour Mecánica Naci
Page 278 and 279:
Bibliography Agnew, Bob, ‘¡Viva
Page 280 and 281:
Brewster, Keith, ed., Reflections o
Page 282 and 283:
----------, The Role of the Reader.
Page 284 and 285:
Jardón, Raúl, 1968, el fuego de l
Page 286 and 287:
Oikión Solano, Verónica, Marta Eu
Page 288 and 289:
Zolov, Eric, Rebeldes con causa. La
Page 290 and 291:
Bracho, Diana, ‘El cine mexicano:
Page 292 and 293:
[accessed 28 February 2010] Monsiv
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Films Ahí está el detalle, dir. b
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