zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
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meeqvse Tavi<br />
perioduli sistemis III jgufis p-<strong>elementebi</strong><br />
IIIAAjgufs miekuTvneba am jgufis tipuri <strong>elementebi</strong> _ bori (B) <strong>da</strong><br />
alumini (Al), agreTve galiumis qvejgufis <strong>elementebi</strong> _ galiumi (Ga),<br />
indiumi (In) <strong>da</strong> Taliumi (Tl). maT gare garsis eleqtronuli konfiguracia<br />
identuri aqvT (ns 2 np 1 ), rac maTi <strong>qimiuri</strong> Tvisebebis msgavsebas<br />
ganapirobebs.<br />
cxrili 12<br />
elementi eleqtronuli konfiguracia<br />
B 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1<br />
Al 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1<br />
Ga 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 1<br />
In 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 4d 10 5s 2 5p 1<br />
Tl 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 4d 10 4f 14 5s 2 5p 6 5d 10 6s 2 6p 1<br />
atomuri nomris zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad IIIA jgufis <strong>elementebi</strong>s atomuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> ionuri radiusebi izrdeba, Sesabamisad mcirdeba ionizaciis energia.<br />
bori arametaluri bunebis elementia <strong>da</strong> TvisebebiT mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavdeba am jgufis sxva <strong>elementebi</strong>sagan; Al, Ga <strong>da</strong> In amfoteruli<br />
<strong>elementebi</strong>a. atomuri nomris zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad am <strong>elementebi</strong>s metaluri<br />
buneba Zlierdeba: Taliumi tipuri metaluri bunebis elementia.<br />
IIIA jgufis yvela elementi gascems 3 eleqtrons <strong>da</strong> avlens +3 JangviT<br />
ricxvs (boris gar<strong>da</strong>, romelmac SeiZleba gamoavlinos, rogorc +3<br />
(boranebi, boris naerTebi sxva arametalebTan, mag., halogenebTan, gogirdTan,<br />
azotTan, JangbadTan, boris mJavaSi, boraqsSi <strong>da</strong> sxv.), ise -3 J. r.<br />
(mag., zogierT metalTa boridSi). am qvejgufis zogierTi elementi, mag.,<br />
Taliumi naerTebSi avlens +3 <strong>da</strong> +1 (mag., TlOH <strong>da</strong> Tl2O) Jangvis ricxvs.<br />
TaliumisaTvis mdgradia naerTebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c misi Jangvis ricxvi +1-ia.<br />
IIIA jgufis <strong>elementebi</strong> warmoqmnis R2O3 tipis oqsidebs, Tumca,<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Taliums unari aqvs warmoqmnas fuZe bunebis<br />
oqsidic Tl2O. misi wyalxsnari tutea, magram NaOH-isa <strong>da</strong> KOH-gan gansxvavebiT<br />
TlOH 100ºC-ze gacxelebisas wyals kargavs Tl2O-is warmoqmniT:<br />
2TlOH → Tl2O + H2O<br />
aluminis, galiumis <strong>da</strong> indiumis oqsidebi (Al2O3, Ga2O3, In2O3) <strong>da</strong> hidroqsidebi<br />
[Al(OH)3, Ga(OH)3 <strong>da</strong> In(OH)3], amfoteruli naerTebia, romlebic<br />
urTierTqmedeben mJavebTan <strong>da</strong> tuteebTan Sesabamisi marilebis<br />
warmoqmniT. tuteebTan warmoqmnian anionur hidroqso-akvakompleqs<br />
naerTebs.<br />
atomuri nomris zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad gansxvavebulia IIIA jgufis<br />
<strong>elementebi</strong>s fizikuri Tvisebebi. galiumi ufro <strong>da</strong>ballRobadia, vidre<br />
indiumi <strong>da</strong> Taliumi. gansxvavebulia maTi simkvriveebi, Tbo- <strong>da</strong> eleqtrogamtaroba.<br />
maT unari aqvT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva metalebTan warmoqmnan Senadnobebi<br />
(maT Soris, advilad lRobadi), romelTac mTeli rigi specifikuri<br />
Tvisebebi (mag., antikoroziuli) gaaCniaT. am jgufis elementebma _ Ga, In<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tl, kargi naxevargamtaruli Tvisebebis gamo, adgili <strong>da</strong>imkvidres<br />
naxevargamtarul teqnologiaSi, agreTve antikoroziuli <strong>da</strong>mcavi<br />
safrebis warmoebaSi. zogierTi maTganis, mag., Tl-is, nawarmebi amJRavneben<br />
biologiur aqtiurobas.<br />
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