zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
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nawilobriv aqvT Sevsebuli d-orbitalebi. nebismier d-orbitals<br />
axasiaTebs atomi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ioni<strong>da</strong>n periferiisken gaweliloba, amitom am<br />
orbitalebis eleqtronebi koordinirebuli garemocvisgan Zlier<br />
urTierTqmedebas ganicdian, romelic Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Zlierdeba 3d, 4d, 5d<br />
mimarTulebiT orbitalebis gawelilobis xarisxis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
SirebiT. Tavis mxriv, d-orbitalebic igive mizezis gamo arsebiT gavlenas<br />
axdens mezobel atomebze <strong>da</strong> ionebze. amis sawinaaRmdegod, lanTanidebis<br />
4f-orbitalebi atomis an ionis eleqtronuli struqtris siRrmeSia.<br />
amitom am orbitalebze myofi eleqtronebi ganicdian naklebad Rrmad<br />
myofi eleqtronebiT (5s, 5p) ekranirebas, ris gamoc 4f-eleqtronebis <strong>da</strong><br />
mezobeli atomebis (an ionebis) urTierTqmedeba naklebad aisaxeba<br />
centraluri atomis qimiur Tvisebebze. amitom aris <strong>qimiuri</strong><br />
TvalsazrisiT lanTanidebi erTmaneTis msgavsi, rasac ver vityviT djgufis<br />
elementebze. am TvalsazrisiT aqtinidebs Sualeduri adgili<br />
ukaviaT am or jgufs Soris, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c 5f-orbitalebi ar aris<br />
eleqtronul struqtraSi ise Rrmad <strong>da</strong> arc ise gawelilia<br />
periferiisken, rogorc d-orbitalebi.<br />
s- <strong>da</strong> p-<strong>elementebi</strong>s msgavsad gar<strong>da</strong>maval elementebSic ionizaciis<br />
energiebi periodebSi atomuri nomris zrdis mimarTulebiT izrdeba,<br />
magram aRniSnuli <strong>elementebi</strong>sgan gansxvavebiT am cvlilebas mdore<br />
xasiaTi aqvs. amasTan cvlileba aramonotonuri xasiaTisaa, rac<br />
gamowveulia d 5 <strong>da</strong> d 10<br />
eleqtronebis maekranirebeli moqmedebiT. nseleqtronebis<br />
(n-1)d 5 <strong>da</strong> (n-1)d 10 ekranis qveS SeRweva zrdis ionizaciis<br />
energiebs. B jgufebSi ki ionizaciis energiebi s- <strong>da</strong> p-<strong>elementebi</strong>sgan<br />
gansxvavebiT izrdeba. es SeiZleba aixsnas gare ns-eleqtronebis<br />
birTvisken efeqturi SeRweviT. mag., Tu IV periodis d-<strong>elementebi</strong>s 4seleqtronebs<br />
3d 10 ekranis qveS uxdebaT SeRweva, VI periodisas ormagi<br />
ekranis 5d 10 <strong>da</strong> 4f 14 ekranebis qveS, amitom 6s-eleqtronebis birTvTan kavSiri<br />
gazrdilia, rac Sesabamisad zrdis ionizaciis energias. Cu, Ag, Au am<br />
mimarTulebiT <strong>qimiuri</strong> aqtiuroba mkveTrad ecema. gar<strong>da</strong>mavali<br />
<strong>elementebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> maTi naerTebis Tvisebebze did gavlenas axdens d-<br />
SekumSvisa <strong>da</strong> lanTanoiduri f-kumSvis efeqtebi. swored lanTanoiduri<br />
kumSvis gamo cirkoniumi <strong>da</strong> hafniumi <strong>qimiuri</strong> <strong>elementebi</strong>s yvelaze msgavsi<br />
wyvilia.<br />
d-rigis gar<strong>da</strong>mavali metalebis oqsidebi <strong>da</strong> sulfidebi <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
JangviTi ricxvebiT cvladi Sedgenilobis naerTebia, romlebic ar<br />
eqvemdebarebian Sedgenilobis mudmivobisa <strong>da</strong> jerad fardobaTa kanonebs.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>mavali <strong>elementebi</strong>s naerTTa kristaluri struqturebi Sedgeba ara<br />
maTi calkeuli molekulebisagan, aramed am naerTebSi TiToeuli atomi<br />
an ioni garSemortymulia ionebis an neitraluri molekulebis<br />
gansazRvruli ricxviT. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, es naerTebi koordinaciulia.<br />
Tu es struqtura _ centraluri atomi masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ligandebiT<br />
xsnarSic SenarCundeba, aRniSnuli koordinaciuli naerTi kompleqsuria.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>mavali metalebi tipuri kompleqswarmomqmnelebia. xSirad maTi<br />
kompleqsnaerTebi<br />
naerTebi.<br />
ufro mdgradia, vidre maTi warmomqmneli martivi<br />
3d seriis yvela metalisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia kationuri<br />
akvakompleqsebi SedgenilobiT: [Э(H2O)6] 2+ <strong>da</strong> [Э(H2O)6] 3+ . saerTod maT<br />
axasiaTebT kationuri, anionuri <strong>da</strong> neitraluri, <strong>da</strong>balspinuri <strong>da</strong><br />
maRalspinuri kompleqsebis mravalferovneba: tetraedruli, brtyel-<br />
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