zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
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pirveli Tavi<br />
wyalbadi<br />
wyalbadi perioduli sistemis pirveli elementia. is aRmoaCina henri<br />
kavendiSma 1766 wels. sxva elementebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mis atoms yvelaze<br />
martivi aRnagoba aqvs _ Sedgeba birTvisa <strong>da</strong> mis garSemo moZravi<br />
erTaderTi eleqtronisagan. misi eleqtronuli konfiguraciaa 1s 1 . misi<br />
erTaderTi eleqtroni, yvela sxva elementisagan gansxvavebiT, imyofeba<br />
mxolod birTvis uSualo moqmedebis sferoSi, radgan mis atomSi ar<br />
arsebobs sxva eleqtroni. am eleqtronis <strong>da</strong>kargvisas is warmoqmnis<br />
umartives nawilaks, protons.<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, atomis martivi aRnagoba ar niSnavs wyalbadis qimiis<br />
simartives. mas axasiaTebs bevri saintereso Tviseba, romlebic mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavdeba yvela <strong>da</strong>narCeni <strong>elementebi</strong>s Tvisebisagan.<br />
swored atomis aRnagobis specifiki<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ar xerxdeba<br />
perioduli sistemaSi misi moTavsebis calsaxa ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta. misi atomis<br />
savalento eleqtronebis ricxvi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, is moTavsebuli un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos perioduli sistemis I jgufSi tute metalebTan erTad, rac garkveulad<br />
SeiZleba gamarTldes wyalbadis <strong>da</strong> tute metalebis speqtrebis<br />
msgavsebiT. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, tute metalebis msgavsad, xsnarebSi wyalbadionic<br />
hidratirebul mdgomareobaSia. magram H + (protoni) sruliad<br />
gansxvavdeba tute metalebis ionebisagan. amasTan, wyalbadis atomis<br />
ionizaciis energia gacilebiT aRemateba tute metalebis atomTa<br />
ionizaciis energias.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom gare Sris Sesavsebad wyalbadis<br />
atoms, halogenebis msgavsad, erTi eleqtroni aklia, is SeiZleba<br />
moTavsdes halogenebTan erTad VII jgufSi. halogenebs wyalbadi<br />
ionizaciis maRali energiiTac hgavs.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, cxadia, rom wyalbadi aris gansakuTrebuli<br />
elementi <strong>da</strong> misi moTavseba zemoT aRniSnul romelime jgufSi pirobiTia.<br />
ionizaciis maRali energiis gamo (1312 kj/moli) misi naerTebi iseT<br />
Zlier mJangavebTanac ki, rogoric fTori <strong>da</strong> Jangbadia ionuri ar aris.<br />
wyalbadi arametalia, misi JangviTi ricxvi naerTebSi (+1) an (-1)-ia. am<br />
saxiT is zogierT metalTan warmoqmnis ionur naerTebs (NaH, CaH2 . . . ).<br />
wyalbadi bunebaSi farTod aris gavrcelebuli _ de<strong>da</strong>miwaze 3,0%-ia<br />
(moluri wili); Sedis wylis, Tixebis, qvanaxSiris, mura naxSiris,<br />
navTobis, bunebrivi airis <strong>da</strong> mcenareuli <strong>da</strong> cxoveluri organizmebis<br />
SedgenilobaSi. wyalbadi de<strong>da</strong>miwaze Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi Zalian<br />
iSviaTad gvxvdeba. is haerSi ozoniT <strong>da</strong> sxva mJangavebiT iJangeba wylis<br />
warmoqmniT. wyalbadi kosmosSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli elementia.<br />
is mzisa <strong>da</strong> bevri varskvlavis masis naxevars Seadgens. mzis sistemis<br />
giganturi planetebi _ iupiteri <strong>da</strong> saturni ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d wyalbadisagan<br />
Sedgeba. is Sedis bevri planetis atomosferoSi.<br />
cxrili 1. wyalbadis izotopebi<br />
proTiumi deiteriumi triTiumi<br />
1<br />
1 H<br />
(P)e<br />
2<br />
1 H<br />
(P+n)e<br />
3<br />
1 H<br />
(P+2n)e<br />
proTiumi <strong>da</strong> deiteriumi stabiluri izotopebia. maTi Tanafardoba<br />
bunebriv wyalbadSi aris P:D = 6800:1 (atomTa ricxvis mixedviT). triTiumi<br />
6
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