zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
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Ge kr + GeO 2 kr<br />
Sn kr + SnO 2 kr<br />
5.2. germaniumis qvejgufi<br />
germaniumis qvejgufi aerTianebs elementebs: germaniumi (Ge), kala<br />
(Sn), tyvia (Pb), romlebic sruli eleqtronuli analogebia. maTi gare<br />
garsis eleqtronuli konfiguraciaa: ns 2 np 2 . IVA jgufi periodul<br />
sistemaSi iwyeba naxSirbadiT, romelic tipuri arametalia, Semdeg modis<br />
siliciumi, romelic faqtiurad arametalia, germaniumi SeiZleba miekuTvnos<br />
metalsac <strong>da</strong> arametalsac, masSi orive tipis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT Tanabrad aris warmodgenili. kala <strong>da</strong> tyvia ki metalebia.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave jgufSi TvisebebiT erTmaneTisagan<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli <strong>elementebi</strong>a moTavsebuli. faqtiurad,<br />
germaniumi ukve avlens metalur Tvisebebs, romelic momdevno<br />
elementebSi Zlierdeba. aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT izrdeba atomis<br />
radiusi <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad mcirdeba ionizaciis energia:<br />
cxrili 11<br />
elementi atomis radiusebi, ionizaciis energia,<br />
nm<br />
ev.<br />
Ge 139 7,90<br />
Sn 155 7,34<br />
Pb 175 7,42<br />
atomuri nomris zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad s-eleqtronebis roli <strong>qimiuri</strong><br />
bmebis warmoqmnaSi mcirdeba. Tu germaniumisaTvis ufro metad (+4) Jangvi-<br />
Ti ricxvia <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli, tyviisaTvis _ (+2). kalas naerTebSi es<br />
gansxvaveba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad vlindeba, Tumca kalas (+4) JangviTi<br />
ricxvis mqone naerTebi ufro mdgradia.<br />
TvisebaTa cvlilebis aRniSnuli xasiaTi SesabamisobaSia qvemoT<br />
mocemuli disproporcionirebis reaqciebisaTvis gansazRvrul ∆G-is<br />
mniSvnelobebs:<br />
2 GeO<br />
2 SnO<br />
∆G = 47 kjouli<br />
∆G = -6 kjouli<br />
∆G = -160 kjouli<br />
Pbkr + PbO2 kr 2 PbO<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, pirveli procesi un<strong>da</strong> warimarTos marjvni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
marcxniv, rac imas niSnavs, rom GeO2 ufro mdgradia, vidre GeO. mesame<br />
reaqcia ki, piriqiT, marcxni<strong>da</strong>n marjvniv mimdinareobs. e.i. PbO, PbO2-ze<br />
ufro mdgradia.<br />
gavrceleba bunebaSi: rogorc cnobilia, germaniumis, rogorc elementis<br />
arseboba 1871 wels iwinaswarmetyvela d. mendeleevma, aRwera misi<br />
fizikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>qimiuri</strong> Tvisebebi <strong>da</strong> mas ekasiliciumi uwo<strong>da</strong>. 1885 wels<br />
germanelma mecnierma k. vinklerma vercxlis ma<strong>da</strong>nSi axali alementi<br />
aRmoaCina, romelsac ekasiliciumis Tvisebebi hqon<strong>da</strong>. vinklerma am<br />
elements germaniumi uwo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
germaniumi ganbneuli elementia. calke sabadoebs ar qmnis. is axlavs<br />
bunebriv sulfidur <strong>da</strong> silikatur madnebs.<br />
kala ar aris farTod gavrcelebuli elementi. misi Semcveloba<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis qerqSi 0,04%-s Seadgens, magram kala misi spilenZTan<br />
Senadnobis saxiT (brinjao _ 10% Sn, 90% Cu) uxsovari droi<strong>da</strong>n aris<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebisTvis cnobili, amis mizezia madni<strong>da</strong>n misi miRebis siadvile<br />
96
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