zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
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meTvramete Tavi<br />
perioduli sistemis I jgufis d-metalebi<br />
<strong>zogadi</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba: spilenZi, vercxli <strong>da</strong> oqro im Svid<br />
metalTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebic istoriamdel metalebad<br />
iwodebian. esenia: oqro, vercxli, spilenZi, rkina, kala, tyvia <strong>da</strong><br />
vercxliswyali. es metalebi uxsovari droi<strong>da</strong>n aris a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis<br />
cnobili. maTgan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Cu, Ag <strong>da</strong> Au, romelTac<br />
didi roli miuZRviT zogadsakacobrio kulturis CamoyalibebaSi. amaze<br />
isic metyvelebs, rom kacobriobis ganviTarebis sakmaod mniSvnelovan<br />
periods spilenZis xana warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelic brinjaos xanam Secvala.<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 5000 wlis win Seiqmna xeopsis pirami<strong>da</strong>, romlis masalac<br />
_ 3200000 qvis lodi, spilenZis iaraRebiT iqna mopovebuli <strong>da</strong> gaTlili.<br />
am metalebis bunebaSi gavrcelebis formebma <strong>da</strong> madnebi<strong>da</strong>n miRebis<br />
siadvilem a<strong>da</strong>mianebs saSualeba misca maTi gamoyeneba maSin <strong>da</strong>ewyoT, roca<br />
mecniereba jer kidev ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Cu, Ag <strong>da</strong> Au _ IB jgufis d-metalebia. maT atomebSi boloswina (n-1)d<br />
orbitalze un<strong>da</strong> iyos 9 eleqtroni (d 9 ), magram d 10 -konfiguraciis mdgradobis<br />
gamo energetikulad ufro xelsayrelia erT-erTi s-eleqtronis<br />
(n-1)d orbitalze ga<strong>da</strong>svla. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, gare SreSi maT TiTo<br />
s-eleqtroni aqvT tute metalebis msgavsad, magram maTgan gansxvavebiT<br />
boloswina Sre 18-eleqtroniani aqvT (tute metalebs ki, inertuli<br />
airebis msgavsad, 8-eleqtroniani).<br />
rogorc cnobilia, d-<strong>elementebi</strong> xasiaTdeba (n-1)d, ns <strong>da</strong> np-orbitalebis<br />
energetikuli siaxloviT. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, maTi savalento<br />
orbitalebis eleqtronuli konfiguraciebia<br />
Cu 3d 10 4s 1 , Ag 4d 10 5s 1 , Au 5d 10 6s 1<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, isini cvalebadvalentiani metalebia.<br />
IB jgufis <strong>elementebi</strong>s ionizaciis pirveli energiebi tute<br />
metalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalia:<br />
Cu = 7,73 ev, Ag = 5,3 ev, Au = 9,3 ev.<br />
es SeiZleba aixsnas gare eleqtronebis birTvisaken efeqturi<br />
SeRweviT, kerZod, ns-eleqtronebis (n-1)d 10 ekranis qveS moxvedriT, rac seleqtronebis<br />
birTvTan kavSirs aZlierebs <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad zrdis<br />
ionizaciis energias. Ag-Si, rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, ionizaciis pirveli energia<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>balia, rac mTavari kvanturi ricxvis zrdiT un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
gamowveuli. xolo oqros SemTxvevaSi ionizaciis energiis SesamCnevi<br />
zr<strong>da</strong> ganpirobebulia 6s-eleqtronis ormagi ekranis 5d 10 <strong>da</strong> 4f 14 -is qveS<br />
moxvedriT. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom ionizaciis <strong>meore</strong> energiebi tute<br />
metalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>balia, rac tute metalebSi inertuli airebis<br />
msgavsi <strong>da</strong>srulebuli boloswina orbitalebiT aris ganpirobebuli.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRali ionizaciis <strong>meore</strong> energia aqvs vercxls, rac 4d 10<br />
konfiguraciis gansakuTrebuli mdgradobiT aixsneba. amaze isic<br />
metyvelebs, rom es konfiguracia ukve vercxlis wina d-element Pd-Si<br />
miiRweva ori eleqtronis Cavardnis xarjze. swored amitom vercxli<br />
naerTebSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d erTvalentiania. spilenZs <strong>da</strong> oqros ki (+1) JangviTi<br />
ricxvi naklebad axasiaTebs. spilenZi naerTebSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d (+2) JangviTi<br />
ricxviT aris warmodgenili, oqro ki (+3)-iT. atomuri nomris zr<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
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