zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
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ZiriTadi mineralebia boqsitebi (Al2O3•nH2O), korundi (Al2O3), krioliTi<br />
(Na3AlF6). alumini aseve Sedis aluminsilikatebis mindvris Spatebi _<br />
K2O•Al2O3•6SiO2 (orToklazi), nefelinebi – Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2 <strong>da</strong> K2O•Al2O3•2SiO2,<br />
kaolini – Al2O3•2SiO2•2H2O <strong>da</strong> sxv. SedgenilobaSi.<br />
miReba: teqnikaSi alumins boqsitebi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyofili aluminis oqsidis<br />
eleqtroliziT Rebuloben. Al2O3-is Zneladdnobadobis gamo (lR.t.<br />
2050ºC) atareben krioliTSi gaxsnili Al2O3-is eleqtrolizs. krioliTi<br />
adviladlRobadia, misi nalRobi kargad xsnis Al2O3-s <strong>da</strong> mas eleqtrogamtarobasac<br />
aniWebs.<br />
savaraudoa, rom Al2O3 maRal temperaturaze ganicdis disociacias<br />
Semdegi sqemiT:<br />
Al2O3 Al3+ 3- + AlO3 katodze aRdgeba Al 3+ -ionebi: Al 3+ + 3e → Al<br />
anodze ki iJangeba AlO3 3 ⎯-ionebi: 4AlO3 3 ⎯ – 12e → 2Al2O3 + 3O2<br />
<strong>da</strong>saSvebia aseTi procesebis mimdinareobac:<br />
Na3AlF6 → 3NaF + AlF3<br />
AlF3 → Al 3+ + 3F -<br />
katodze isev Al 3+ -kationebi aRdgeba: Al 3+ + 3e → Al<br />
xolo anodze F - -ionebi <strong>da</strong>iJangeba: 3F - – 3e → 3/2 F2<br />
gamoyofili fTori reaqciaSi Sedis Al2O3-Tan Semdegi sqemiT:<br />
Al2O3 + 3F → 3/2 O2 + 2AlF3<br />
rogorc Cans amiT saboloo Sedegi ar icvleba.<br />
fizikuri Tvisebebi: martivi nivTierebis saxiT alumini movercxlisfro-TeTri<br />
metalia. is msubuq metalebs miekuTvneba (simkvrive 2,7<br />
g/sm 3 ). alumini kristaldeba waxnagcentrirebuli kuburi struqturis<br />
saxiT. misi lRobis temperatura maRali ar aris (660ºC). xasiaTdeba SesaniSnavi<br />
plastiurobiT. iglineba Zalze Txeli kilitis (0,0005 mm sisqis)<br />
<strong>da</strong> TiTqmis nebismieri diametris mavTulis saxiT. aqvs maRali eleqtro-<br />
(spilenZis eleqtrogamtarobis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 67%) <strong>da</strong> siTbogamtaroba.<br />
<strong>qimiuri</strong> Tvisebebi: alumini ze<strong>da</strong>piri Cveulebriv pirobebSi <strong>da</strong>farulia<br />
mtkice Txeli (0,00001 mm) oqsiduri afskiT, romelic mas haerisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> wylis moqmedebisgan icavs. wyalTan alumini reaqciaSi amalgamirebul<br />
(vercxliswylTan Senadnobi, romelic <strong>da</strong>mcav afsks ver ikeTebs)<br />
mdgomareobaSi an im SemTxvevaSi Sedis, Tu misi oqsiduri afski<br />
meqanikurad <strong>da</strong>zianebulia.<br />
2Al + 6H2O → Al(OH)3 + 3H2↑<br />
maRal temperaturaze metaluri alumini Slis wylis orTqls:<br />
2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2↑<br />
aluminis burbuSela an fxvnili alSi Setanisas iwvis sinaTlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
siTbos gamoyofiT:<br />
2Al + 3O2 → Al2O3<br />
alumins gansakuTrebuli swrafva aqvs Jangbadisadmi, Al2O3-is warmoqmnis<br />
jibsis enTalpia -1582 kj/molis tolia. amis gamo, metaluri<br />
alumini oqsidebi<strong>da</strong>n aRadgens bevr metals (aluminTermia) didi<br />
raodenobiT siTbos gamoyofiT (∆H=1676 kj/moli). am meTodis gamoyenebiT<br />
miiReba rkina, kalciumi, qromi <strong>da</strong> sxv.:<br />
8Al + 3Fe3O4 → 9Fe + 4Al2O3<br />
reaqciis Sedegad temperatura 2000-3000ºC-s aRwevs, rac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
teqnikur procesebSi (magaliTad, metalebis Sednoba <strong>da</strong> sxv.) gamoiyeneba.<br />
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