zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
zogadi da araorganuli qimia nawili meore (qimiuri elementebi)
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2LiOH → Li2O + H2O<br />
maSin, roca NaOH <strong>da</strong> KOH gaxurebisas <strong>da</strong>uSlelad qroldeba. aseve<br />
gansxvavebulia misi wyalTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebac. magniumis msgavsad,<br />
oTaxis temperaturaze (25 0 C) wyalTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT sustad reagirebs, Tumca<br />
is sakmaod aqtiuri liTonia Jangbadisa <strong>da</strong> azotis mimarT. haerze<br />
swrafad iJangeba, xolo azotTan yvela sxva nivTierebisagan gansxvavebiT<br />
oTaxis temperaturaze moqmedebs Sesabamisi nitridis (Li3N) warmoqmniT:<br />
4Li + O2 → 2 Li2O (muqi ruxi)<br />
6Li + N2 → 2Li3N (kaSkaSa wiTeli)<br />
liTiumi halogenebTan Cveulebriv pirobebSi moqmedebs Sesabamisi<br />
halogenidebis warmoqmniT:<br />
Li + X2 → 2LiX, X = F, Cl, Br, J<br />
xolo wyalbads, gogirds <strong>da</strong> naxSirbads gaxurebiT uerTdeba.<br />
gavarvarebuli liTiumi CO2-Sic iwvis (magniumis msgavsad):<br />
4Li + CO2 → 2Li2O + C<br />
4Li + C→ 2Li4C<br />
2Li + S → Li2S<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCeni tute metalebi <strong>qimiuri</strong> TvisebebiT (wyalTan <strong>da</strong> azotTan<br />
urTierTqmedebis gar<strong>da</strong>) hgavs liTiums, mxolod maTi <strong>qimiuri</strong> aqtiuroba<br />
gacilebiT maRalia. isinic iwvian halogenebis areSi (fToris <strong>da</strong> qloris<br />
areSi TviTaaldebian), haerze advilad iJangebian, wvisas ki peroqsidebs<br />
(mag., Na2O2) an hiperoqsidebs (mag., KO2, RbO2, CsO2) warmoqmnian. wyals<br />
oTaxis temperaturaze Zalze energiulad Slian siTbos didi raodenobis<br />
gamoyofiT, rasac natriumisa <strong>da</strong> kaliumis SemTxvevaSi gamoyofili<br />
wyalbadis aaleba, xolo momdevno metalebis SemTxvevaSi afeTqebac<br />
axlavs.<br />
tute metalebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva metalebTan warmoqmnian Senadnobebs.<br />
liTiumi saintereso Tvisebebis mqone Senadnobebs warmoqmnis magniumTan,<br />
aluminTan, TuTiasTan <strong>da</strong> sxv. Senadnobebs is aniWebs mTel rig<br />
specifikur, Zvirfas Tvisebebs. ase, magaliTad aluminis Senadnobi,<br />
romelic 1% liTiums Seicavs, xasiaTdeba maRali meqanikuri simtkiciT<br />
<strong>da</strong> koroziamedegobiT, xolo 2% liTiumis Semcveli spilenZis Senadnobi<br />
maRali eleqtrogamtarobiT gamoirCeva. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />
sayuradReboa natriumis Txevadi Senadnobi kaliumTan (lR.t. -12,6ºC),<br />
romelic organul sinTezSi gamoiyeneba.<br />
liTiumis birTvuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmniT warmoiqmneba triTiumi, rasac<br />
atomur energetikaSi garkveuli praqtikuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia:<br />
6 3Li + 0 1n → 3 1H + 4 2He<br />
fizikuri Tvisebebi: tute metalebi movercxlisfro-TeTri (ceziumi<br />
mooqrosfro-yviTeli) myari nivTierebebia. miekuTvnebian rbil metalebs,<br />
rac maTi moculobacentrirebuli kuburi struqturiT aris ganpirobebuli.<br />
tute metalebs <strong>da</strong>bali simkvrive (≤1,9 g/sm 3 ) <strong>da</strong> lRobis <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
temperatura (liTiumis lR.t. 180,5 ºC, natriumis – 97,8ºC, kaliumis – 63,6ºC,<br />
rubidiumis – 39,5ºC, ceziumis – 28,4ºC) axasiaTebT. moculobacentrirebul<br />
kubur struqturaSi koordinaciuli ricxvi 8-is tolia. yvelaze maRali<br />
simtkiciT gamoirCeva heqsagonaluri struqturis metalebi. waxnagcentrirebuli<br />
struqturis mqone metalebs (spilenZi, alumini <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukavia. zogierTi metalisTvis (mag., rkina, kala<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.), pirobebis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia polimorfizmi _ sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
tipis kristaluri struqturis warmoqmnis unari. rkinisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasia-<br />
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