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ïðîìûñëîâûõ ìèíè-ÍÏÇ âîçìîæíî ïðîèçâîäèòü äèçåëüíûå òîïëèâà ïóòåì âàðüèðîâàíèÿ ôðàêöèîííîãî ñîñòàâà ïåðâûõ è ïðèìåíåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ïðèñàäîê. Ïðÿìîãîííûå áåíçèíîâûå ôðàêöèè (ÏÁÔ) íå ìîãó áûòü íåïîñðåäñòâåííî èñïîëüçîâàíû â êà÷åñòâå àâòîáåíçèíîâ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü âñëåäñòâèå èõ íèçêèõ îêòàíîâûõ ÷èñåë (Î×). Ïîâûøåíèå Î× ÏÁÔ âîçìîæíî íåñêîëüêèìè ïóòÿìè – èëè êîìïàóíäèðîâàíèåì ñ âûñîêîîêòàíîâûìè êîìïîíåíòàìè (êèñëîðîäñîäåðæàùèìè ñîåäèíåíèÿìè, àëêèëàòàìè, ðèôîðìàòàìè è ò.ï.) è ñ àíòèäåòîíàöèîííûìè ïðèñàäêàìè, èëè ïðèìåíåíèåì ïðîöåññîâ íåôòåïåðåðàáîòêè. Íà ðåãèîíàëüíûõ ìèíè-ÍÏÇ ïðîèçâîäñòâî âûñîêîîêòàíîâûõ àâòîáåíçèíîâ èç ÏÁÔ ïóòåì êîìïàóíäèðîâàíèÿ âåñüìà ïðîáëåìàòè÷íî, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ íèçêèìè Î× ÏÁÔ, íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ èìåòü áîëüøèå êîëè÷åñòâà âûñîêîîêòàíîâûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ äëÿ êîìïàóíäèðîâàíèÿ, à òàêæå òðåáîâàíèÿìè íîðìàòèâîâ, îãðàíè÷èâàþùèõ ñîäåðæàíèå â àâòîáåíçèíàõ îêòàíîïîâûøàþùèõ äîáàâîê è àíòèäåòîíàòîðîâ. Ñðàâíèòåëüíûé àíàëèç òåõíîëîãèé ïåðåðàáîòêè ÏÁÔ â âûñîêîîêòàíîâûå áåíçèíû ïðîöåññàìè ðèôîðìèíãà, èçîìåðèçàöèè è öåîôîðìèíãà ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî íàèáîëåå ïðèåìëåìûì äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè â ñîñòàâàõ ïðîìûñëîâûõ ìèíè-ÍÏÇ äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà àâòîáåíçèíîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîöåññ öåîôîðìèíãà [1, 2]. Ïðîöåññ öåîôîðìèíãà îñíîâàí íà ïðèìåíåíèè öåîëèòñîäåðæàùåãî êàòàëèçàòîðà òèïà ÈÊ-30. Êàòàëèçàòîð íå òðåáóåò ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîé ñåðî- èëè ãèäðîî÷èñòêè ñûðüÿ è ïðèìåíåíèÿ âîäîðîäñîäåðæàùåãî ãàçà. Â ñëó÷àå ïåðåðàáîòêè ñåðíèñòûõ ôðàêöèé îäíîâðåìåííî ñ ïîâûøåíèåì îêòàíîâûõ ÷èñåë áåíçèíîâ ïðîèñõîäèò è èõ îáåññåðèâàíèå. Â ðàáîòå ðàññìîòðåíî âëèÿíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ïðîöåññà íà âûõîä è êà÷åñòâî ïîëó÷àåìûõ áåíçèíîâ öåîôîðìèíãà. Ïîëó÷àåìûå ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ âåäåíèÿ ïðîöåññà áåíçèíû öåîôîðìèíãà ñîîòâåòñòâóþò òðåáîâàíèÿì ðîññèéñêèõ ñòàíäàðòîâ íà àâòîáåíçèíû ðàçëè÷íûõ ìàðîê (îò ÀÈ-80 äî ÀÈ-95) è ïî âñåì ïîêàçàòåëÿì óäîâëåòâîðÿþò íîðìàì Åâðî-2. Ïðîöåññ ðåàëèçîâàí â ïðîìûøëåííîì ìàñøòàáå íà óñòàíîâêàõ öåîôîðìèíãà ìîùíîñòüþ îò 5 äî 40 òûñ. ò/ã, ýêñïëóàòèðóåìûõ â Ðîññèè, Ïîëüøå è Ãðóçèè [2], íà÷àòî ñòðîèòåëüñòâî óñòàíîâêè öåîôîðìèíãà ìîùíîñòüþ 500 òûñ. ò/ã â Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè. 55
Â öåëîì, îòíîñèòåëüíî íèçêèå ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûå çàòðàòû è êàïèòàëüíûå âëîæåíèÿ äëÿ óñòàíîâîê öåîôîðìèíãà, à òàêæå ïðîñòîòà òåõíîëîãèè ñàìîãî ïðîöåññà äåëàþò åãî âïîëíå ðåíòàáåëüíûì äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè íà óñòàíîâêàõ íåáîëüøîé ìîùíîñòè, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò èõ ýêñïëóàòèðîâàòü â ñîñòàâå ìàëîòîííàæíûõ çàâîäîâ ïî ïðîèçâîäñòâó ìîòîðíûõ òîïëèâ (äèçòîïëèâî è àâòîáåíçèíû) â óäàëåííûõ ðàéîíàõ ñòðàíû, èìåþùèõ çàïàñû íåôòè èëè ãàçîâîãî êîíäåíñàòà. Ëèòåðàòóðà 1. Ñòåïàíîâ Â.Ã., Èîíå Ê.Ã. –Õèìèÿ è òåõíîëîãèÿ òîïëèâ è ìàñåë, 2000, ¹ 1, ñ. 8-12. 2. Ñòåïàíîâ Â.Ã., Èîíå Ê.Ã. –Êàòàëèç â ïðîìûøëåííîñòè, 2003, ¹ 2, ñ. 49-60. 56
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Èíñòèòóò êàòàëèçà
Page 3 and 4:
Îðãàíèçàòîðû êîíôå
Page 6 and 7: SINGLE SITE CATALYSTS - IDEAL MODEL
Page 8 and 9: ÑÒÀÁÈËÈÇÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÛÅ
Page 10 and 11: ÈÇÓ×ÅÍÈÅ ÌÅÕÀÍÈÇÌÎ
Page 12 and 13: Ñðàâíåíèå äèíàìèêè
Page 14 and 15: ÐÎËÜ ÍÎÑÈÒÅËÅÉ Â ÔÎ
Page 16 and 17: ÒÐÈÈÇÎÁÓÒÈËÀËÞÌÈÍ
Page 18: ÏÐÎÃÐÅÑÑ Â ÎÁËÀÑÒÈ
Page 22 and 23: MOLECULAR DESIGN OF NEW TYPE OF CAT
Page 24 and 25: PALLADIUM AND COBALT CATALYZED OXID
Page 26 and 27: ÍÎÂÛÉ ÏÎÄÕÎÄ Ê ÔÎÐÌ
Page 28 and 29: Èîííûé îáìåí Al 2O 3 2+
Page 30 and 31: êîòîðûõ èììîáèëèçî
Page 32 and 33: ïðèâåäøàÿ ê ñîçäàí
Page 34 and 35: ÐÀÇÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ ÊÀÒÀËÈÇ
Page 36 and 37: ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ÷àñò
Page 38 and 39: ÷òî äåôåêòû ýòîãî â
Page 40 and 41: ÈÇÓ×ÅÍÈÅ ÔÎÐÌÈÐÎÂÀ
Page 42 and 43: Ñîäåðæàíèå äèîêñèä
Page 44 and 45: Òàáë. 1. Äàííûå õåìî
Page 46 and 47: ñëàáîñâÿçàííîì ñîñ
Page 48 and 49: ãèäðîãåíèçàöèè, âå
Page 50 and 51: ÑÅËÅÊÒÈÂÍÀß ÎÊÈÑËÈ
Page 52 and 53: ÌÎÄÈÔÈÖÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÀË
Page 54 and 55: ãèäðîîêèñüþ àëþìèí
Page 58 and 59: ÏÎËÓ×ÅÍÈÅ ÆÈÄÊÈÕ Ó
Page 60 and 61: ÈÇÎÌÅÐÈÇÀÖÈß ÓÃËÅÂ
Page 62 and 63: ÊÀÒÀËÈÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÏÐÅ
Page 64 and 65: îáðàçîâàíèÿ öèêëîï
Page 66 and 67: ïðåèìóùåñòâåííîå ï
Page 68 and 69: ÈÍÒÅÐÊÀËÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÛÅ
Page 70 and 71: ÊÐÅÊÈÍÃ Ñ 10 -Ñ 15 - ÀË
Page 72 and 73: Â ÈÊ- ñïåêòðàõ àäñî
Page 74 and 75: Ïî âëèÿíèþ íà êàòàë
Page 76 and 77: Ïðåîáëàäàþùèìè ïðè
Page 78 and 79: ÃÈÄÐÎÏÅÐÅÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ Í
Page 80 and 81: Ïîñëå ãèäðîïåðåðàá
Page 82 and 83: óñëîâèé ïðîöåññà î
Page 84 and 85: åå ðåàêöèè. Èìåííî
Page 86 and 87: í-C 4 H 8 + Pd II + Í 2 Î ⎯⎯
Page 88 and 89: ïðîäóêòîâ. Íàïðèìå
Page 90 and 91: ×ÈÑËÎ È ÐÅÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀ
Page 92 and 93: Äëÿ âñåõ ñèñòåì îïð
Page 94 and 95: ñèíäèîòàêòè÷åñêèé
Page 96 and 97: ñâÿçåé è ýêâèâàëåí
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Page 100 and 101: ÑÒÅÍÄÎÂÛÅ ÄÎÊËÀÄÛ
Page 102 and 103: ÈÇÓ×ÅÍÈÅ ÌÅÕÀÍÈÇÌÀ
Page 104 and 105: Ðèñóíîê 2. Äèôôåðåí
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âòîðîé ïî èíòåíñèâ
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êîëåáàíèÿ â ìîñòèê
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ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÍÎ-ÎÐÃÀÍÈÇ
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Òàáëèöà 2. Ðàñïðåäå
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50 Rate/10 -8 mol g -1 s -1 40 30 2
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ÐÀÇÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ È ÈÑÑËÅ
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êèñëîðîäó øïèíåëè C
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èçîìåðèçàöèè í-ãåê
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ÃÅÍÅÇÈÑ ÔÀÇÎÂÎÃÎ Ñ
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óïëîòíåíèÿ çàïîëíÿ
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Ïðèðîäà èñõîäíûõ ñ
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ÏÎËÈÌÅÐÍÛÅ ÐÎÄÈÉÑÎ
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ïðîìîòîðîâ. Â ðàáîò
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ôîðìàëüäåãèä, äè- è
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Äàëüíåéøàÿ äåãèäðî
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ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÐÅÃÓËÈÐÎÂÀÍ
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ÑÈÍÒÅÇ È ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀ
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ÂËÈßÍÈÅ ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÎÊ
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Íàðÿäó ñ óâåëè÷åíè
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îáîðîòîâ êàòàëèçàò
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Íàìè ðàçðàáîòàí ïð
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äî 0,5 ÌÏà. Ôîðìû çàâ
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Î ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÀÕ ÏÐÅÄÎÒ
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ÐÀÇÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ ÊÀÒÀËÈÒ
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ÏÐÅÂÐÀÙÅÍÈß ÑÒÈÐÎË
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ÆÈÄÊÎÔÀÇÍÀß ÈÇÎÌÅÐ
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ÍÅÏÎËÍÎÅ ÎÊÈÑËÅÍÈÅ
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ÍÀÍÎÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÍÛÅ ÊÀ
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ÃÈÄÐÎÊÎÍÂÅÐÑÈß Í-Ã
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ðàñòåò ñ ïîâûøåíèå
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Èíäèâèäóàëüíàÿ àäñ
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â ÑÍÃ ñíèæàåò òåìïå
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Ïðîöåññ áèôîðìèíãà
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ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÊÀÒÀ
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Ïîâûøåíèå äàâëåíèÿ
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Èç ïðèðîäíîãî öåîë
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ÄÅÃÈÄÐÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ËÅÃ
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ðîäèåâûå è ðóòåíèå
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Òàáëèöà 1. Âëèÿíèå ï
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ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÐÎÖÅ
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ÏÅÐÅÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ ÄÈÑÒÈË
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ÃÈÄÐÎÏÅÐÅÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ í
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ÊÐÅÊÈÍÃ ÒßÆÅËÎÃÎ Í
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óãëåðîäà â äèîêñèä
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ïîäà÷è ñûðüÿ 1,0-1,5 ÷
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ëîêàëèçîâàííûå íà
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CÓËÜÔÎÊÀÒÈÎÍÈÒÛ ÍÀ
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Ïðè íàëè÷èè â ñèñòå
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ãåêñàäåêàíîë-2 (ïðè
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óñëîâèÿ îêèñëåíèÿ
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ãàçîâ òåðìîäåñîðáö
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ïîëèìåðèçàöèè ýòèë
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ÊÀÒÀËÈÇÈÐÓÅÌÎÅ ÏÀË
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ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÂËÈßÍ
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ÄÈÌÅÐÈÇÀÖÈß ÝÒÈËÅÍ
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ÈÇÓ×ÅÍÈÅ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÂ
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ÐÀÑÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÅ ÂÍÓÒ
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ÃÎÌÎ - È ÑÎÏÎËÈÌÅÐÈ
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ÏÎËÈÌÅÐÈÇÀÖÈß ÝÒÈË
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Ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ìåòî
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àìîðôíûìè è êðèñòà
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ÑÏÈÑÎÊ ÀÄÐÅÑÎÂ Ó×À
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ÃÐÈÃÎÐÜÅÂÀ Íåëëè Ã
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ÊÀÐÛÌÎÂÀ Ðàøèäà Õà
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ÌÓÍØÈÅÂÀ Ìèíà Êåðè
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ÓÑÌÀÍÎÂÀ Ìàíçóðà Ì
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ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ ÊËÞ×ÅÂÛ
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Ñåêöèÿ II Êàòàëèç â
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CÄ-I-3 CÄ-I-4 CÄ-I-5 CÄ-I-6 CÄ
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CÄ-II-10 Çàêèðîâà À.Ã.,
Page 246 and 247:
CÄ-III-4 Ìèêåíàñ T.Á., Å
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