The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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CHAPTER 8. ESTIMATION OF GROUNDWATER FLUX TO THE RIVER TAME ................... 315 8.1 Electrical conductivity as an estimate of mass flux within the river......................................................... 316 8.2 Mass flux calculation from baseflow analyses and riverbed piezometer data .......................................... 320 8.3 Mass flux estimates from surface water sampling and discharge measurements ..................................... 326 8.4 Mass flux from individual contaminant plumes. ...................................................................................... 335 8.5 Concluding Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 341 CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK................................................................ 347 9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 347 9.2 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 348 9.3 Policy Implications and the Water Framework Directive......................................................................... 353 9.4 Further Work ............................................................................................................................................ 356 REFERENCES APPENDICES
LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual model of groundwater flows to a river 8 2.2 Schematic section through a riverbed, (a) longitudinal (b) lateral. 10 2.3 Conceptual model of contaminant inputs to a river. 13 3.1 (a) Catchment map of the Upper Tame (b) Topography of the study reach (c) Regional Setting. 27 3.2 (a) Land use map within 1 km of the River Tame, (b) Categorisation of land use 31 3.3 (a) Photograph of the River Tame by the M6 Motorway, (b) Installation of riverbed piezometers. 33 3.4 Schematic geology of the study area. 35 3.5 Schematic geological cross of the study area. 35 3.6 Solid geology of the Tame catchment. 36 3.7 Drift and solid geology across the unconfined Birmingham Aquifer. 36 3.8 Historical abstraction from the Birmingham Aquifer and its effect on water level. 44 3.9 Water table in the Birmingham Aquifer from (a) pre-abstraction times (b) 1966 (c) 1976 (d) 1988/89. 45 3.10 Schematic cross section showing groundwater age groups within the Birmingham aquifer. 49 4.1 Location of the Surface Water Sampling and Flow Gauging Sites on the River Tame. 59 4.2 Location of the Riverbed Piezometers, Shallow Piezometers and Agency Monitoring Wells. 60 4.3 Water quality sample locations for the survey of Sutton Park. 62 4.4 Construction of Mini Drive-point Piezometer. 72 4.5 Pressure Logging System. 80 4.6 Schematic diagram representing variables in the steady state temperature calculation. 91 4.7 Construction of seepage meter. 100 4.8 Schematic diagram for radial flow calculation. 101
Page 1 and 2: THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 7 and 8: 3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
Page 9 and 10: 5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
Page 11: 6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
Page 15 and 16: 6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
Page 19 and 20: APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
Page 21 and 22: 1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
Page 23 and 24: 4) to develop suitable monitoring m
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
Page 27 and 28: REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
Page 29 and 30: REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
Page 31 and 32: REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
Page 33 and 34: Abstraction For drinking water supp
Page 35 and 36: REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
Page 39 and 40: REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
Page 41 and 42: REVIEW owing to their widespread de
Page 43 and 44: REVIEW have been used to determine
Page 45 and 46: REVIEW and under conditions of non-
Page 47 and 48: (b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
Page 49 and 50: STUDY SETTING But under the General
Page 51 and 52: (a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
Page 53 and 54: (a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph o
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.1 Description of geological
Page 59 and 60: Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
Page 61 and 62: STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
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STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
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STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
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Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
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STUDY SETTING water quality through
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STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
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STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
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2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
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Water quality data were collected i
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
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4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
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K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Run
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS nex
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
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4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
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q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
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Determinands Method of analyses Ana
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
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5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
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Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
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4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
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5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
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GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
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Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
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5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
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Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
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Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
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Location Specific Discharge (md -1
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5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
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Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
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5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
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CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
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6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
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39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
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Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
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11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
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Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
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Analytical solution for the saturat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
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95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
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Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
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Specific discharge to the river fro
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
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Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
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Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
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6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
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Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
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(a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
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(a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
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Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
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(a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the u
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7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
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95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
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(a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
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(a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
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(a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
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Number of samples greater than dete
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The only
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS source f
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The Envi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grou
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS value of
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Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Standard
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS these fa
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GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
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GROUNDWATER FLUX solution then the
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GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
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HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
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Residential roof run-off *1 General
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GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
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Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
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(a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
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GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
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Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
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GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
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Maximum concentration in the plume
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GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
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Estimate of mass flux from the plum
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GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
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GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
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CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
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CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
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CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
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CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
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CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
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CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
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REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
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REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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