The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

3.4.1 Solid Geology ..................................................................................................................................... 38
3.4.2 Superficial Drift Deposits ................................................................................................................... 39
3.4.3 Structure.............................................................................................................................................. 41
3.5 Regional Hydrogeology.............................................................................................................................. 41
3.6 Hydrochemistry and Contamination of the Birmingham Aquifer .............................................................. 47
3.6.1 Inorganic Contamination..................................................................................................................... 52
3.6.2 Organic Contamination....................................................................................................................... 54
3.7 Summary..................................................................................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 4 MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS .......................................................... 57
4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 58
4.2 Archive data................................................................................................................................................ 65
4.3 Surface water flow gauging. ....................................................................................................................... 67
4.3.1 River discharge measurements............................................................................................................ 67
4.3.2 River cross sectional discharge calculation......................................................................................... 69
4.4 Surface water quality sampling................................................................................................................... 70
4.5 Groundwater quality sampling.................................................................................................................... 70
4.5.1 Riverbed piezometers.......................................................................................................................... 70
4.5.1.1 Construction of Riverbed Mini Drive Point Piezometers (MDPs)................................................... 71
4.5.1.2 Sampling methods............................................................................................................................ 73
4.5.2 Shallow monitoring wells ................................................................................................................... 74
4.5.2.1 Sampling methods............................................................................................................................ 75
4.5.3 Deep abstraction wells ........................................................................................................................ 76
4.6 Groundwater and surface water head measurements.................................................................................. 76
4.6.1 Measurement procedure...................................................................................................................... 77
4.6.2 Borehole locations and survey data..................................................................................................... 78
4.6.3 Pressure Transducer Logging System................................................................................................. 79
4.7 Characterisation of the riverbed sediments................................................................................................. 81
4.7.1 Riverbed sediment coring ................................................................................................................... 81
4.7.2 Falling head tests in the riverbed piezometers. ................................................................................... 83