The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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GROUNDWATER FLUX often show high variability over a small distance and provide point source information only. Groundwater modelling may be used to provide discharge estimates on a wider scale but is often constrained by limited available data on the subsurface hydrogeology. For studies on individual plumes, extensive investigation is required to determine the spatial distribution of discharge and concentration across the river channel. There are uncertainties associated with selecting the appropriate values of concentration to be used in the flux calculation. The riverbed piezometers may have sufficient sample density and distribution to be representative of the overall quality of the groundwater discharging but further work would be required to confirm this. Surface water sample concentrations are subject to variability that may result from changes in upstream pipe discharges rather than the effects of discharging groundwater. Considerable temporal variability was observed in several of the groundwater plumes that requires regular repeat sampling to characterise them fully. Many of the determinants are not conservative and will be modified by attenuation processes such as biodegradation, redox reactions, sorption and volatilisation within the surface water column and the riverbed. However, despite these uncertainties, mass flux estimates can be made from the River Tame data set using a variety of methods. 8.1 Electrical conductivity as an estimate of mass flux within the river. Continuous monitoring data (15 minute intervals) were obtained for surface water electrical conductivity (EC) and discharge from the Water Orton gauging station at the downstream end of the study reach for 1998. If EC is assumed to be proportional to the concentration of the 316
GROUNDWATER FLUX solution then the total mass of (ionic) dissolved solids (TDS) may be estimated. This does not account for the non-ionic inorganic and organic compounds but the results of the surface water sampling indicate the mass of these to be
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THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
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ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
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5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
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6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
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6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
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APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
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1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
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4) to develop suitable monitoring m
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INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
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REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
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REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
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REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
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Abstraction For drinking water supp
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REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
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2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
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REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
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REVIEW owing to their widespread de
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REVIEW have been used to determine
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REVIEW and under conditions of non-
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(b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
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STUDY SETTING But under the General
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(a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
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(a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph o
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Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
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Table 3.1 Description of geological
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Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
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STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
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STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
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STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
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Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
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STUDY SETTING water quality through
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STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
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STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
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2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
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Water quality data were collected i
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
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4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
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K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Run
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS nex
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
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4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
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q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
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Determinands Method of analyses Ana
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
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5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
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Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
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4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
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5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
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GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
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Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
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5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
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Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
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Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
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Location Specific Discharge (md -1
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5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
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Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
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5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
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CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
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6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
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39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
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Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
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11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
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Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
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Analytical solution for the saturat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
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95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
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Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
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Specific discharge to the river fro
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
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Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
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Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
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6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
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Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
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(a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
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(a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
Page 285 and 286: Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
Page 287 and 288: (a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
Page 289 and 290: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the u
Page 291 and 292: 7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
Page 293 and 294: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
Page 295 and 296: 95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
Page 297 and 298: (a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
Page 299 and 300: (a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
Page 301 and 302: (a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
Page 303 and 304: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
Page 305 and 306: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
Page 307 and 308: Number of samples greater than dete
Page 309 and 310: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The only
Page 311 and 312: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS source f
Page 313 and 314: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
Page 315 and 316: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The Envi
Page 317 and 318: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
Page 319 and 320: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grou
Page 321 and 322: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS value of
Page 323 and 324: Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
Page 325 and 326: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
Page 327 and 328: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Standard
Page 329 and 330: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
Page 331 and 332: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
Page 333 and 334: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS these fa
Page 335: GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
Page 339 and 340: GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
Page 341 and 342: HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
Page 343 and 344: Residential roof run-off *1 General
Page 345 and 346: GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
Page 347 and 348: Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
Page 349 and 350: (a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
Page 351 and 352: GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
Page 353 and 354: Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
Page 355 and 356: GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
Page 357 and 358: Maximum concentration in the plume
Page 359 and 360: GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
Page 361 and 362: Estimate of mass flux from the plum
Page 363 and 364: GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
Page 365 and 366: GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
Page 367 and 368: CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
Page 369 and 370: CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
Page 371 and 372: CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
Page 373 and 374: CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
Page 375 and 376: CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
Page 377 and 378: CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
Page 379 and 380: CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
Page 381 and 382: REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
Page 383 and 384: REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
Page 385 and 386: REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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