The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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Head (m.a.o.d) 91.4 91.2 91 90.8 90.6 90.4 90.2 12/05/01 00:00 Groundwater Head and River Stage Interaction -The River Tame, Birmingham, UK. 13/05/01 00:00 14/05/01 00:00 15/05/01 00:00 16/05/01 00:00 17/05/01 00:00 Time 18/05/01 00:00 River Stage East Bank Piezometer (P10) West Bank Piezometer (P11) 19/05/01 00:00 P10 13.27 m to the bank P11 9 m to the bank 20/05/01 00:00 21/05/01 00:00 Figure 5.22 Groundwater head and river stage interaction (12/5/01 – 21/5/01). Regional Setting of Profiles 8, 9, 10 Figure 5.23 The regional setting for Profiles 8,9,10.
5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of Profile 8 GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME Profile 8 lies within the central part of the Tame Valley (Figure 5.23) where the river flows in a south-easterly direction on the downstream portion of a river meander bend. To the west lies the flood plain and to the east, the steeper topography of the valley side. The river at this location is 12 m wide and 30 cm deep, with a gravel bottom. The banks comprise a mixture of natural form and rock basket support. There is a large available data set for the site comprising geological logs, hydraulic conductivity estimates and water-level dipping records (Appendices 7,8, and 9). These were derived from piezometers adjacent to the river and multilevel piezometers within the river bed (Figure 5.24). Geological sections were constructed for the area based on projected borehole logs (Figure 5.25a and b). The position of the water table in Section 1 indicates that groundwater flow to the east of the river occurs through the bedrock sandstone unit to within 175m of the river (BH 19). In this region, flow also starts to occur through the overlying gravel and weathered sandstone. To the west, flow occurs through the sandstone and the overlying gravel of the flood plain. A study of historical head data (1993-95) indicates that flow to the river is parallel to the line of section with little seasonal variation (Figure 5.26) which supports the use of a 2D profile model. Piezometric data show an average temporal variation of < 60 cm in the regional groundwater head over three years. The influence of river flood events on water levels is short lived (< 3 days) and limited to the near river zone,
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THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
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ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
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5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
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6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
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6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
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APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
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1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
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4) to develop suitable monitoring m
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INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
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REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
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REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
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REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
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Abstraction For drinking water supp
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REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
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2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
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REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
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REVIEW owing to their widespread de
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REVIEW have been used to determine
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REVIEW and under conditions of non-
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(b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
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STUDY SETTING But under the General
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(a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
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(a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph o
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Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
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Table 3.1 Description of geological
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Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
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STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
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STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
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STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
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Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
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STUDY SETTING water quality through
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STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
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STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
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2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
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Water quality data were collected i
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
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4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
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K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
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Page 117 and 118: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
Page 119 and 120: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
Page 121 and 122: 4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
Page 123 and 124: q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
Page 125 and 126: Determinands Method of analyses Ana
Page 127 and 128: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
Page 129 and 130: 5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
Page 131 and 132: Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
Page 133 and 134: 4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
Page 135 and 136: 5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
Page 137 and 138: GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
Page 147 and 148: Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
Page 151 and 152: 5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
Page 153 and 154: Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
Page 155 and 156: Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
Page 159 and 160: Location Specific Discharge (md -1
Page 161: GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
Page 165 and 166: Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
Page 167 and 168: 5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
Page 171 and 172: CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
Page 173 and 174: 6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
Page 175 and 176: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
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Page 179 and 180: 39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
Page 181 and 182: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
Page 183 and 184: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
Page 185 and 186: Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
Page 187 and 188: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
Page 189 and 190: 11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
Page 191 and 192: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
Page 193 and 194: River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
Page 195 and 196: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
Page 197 and 198: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
Page 199 and 200: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
Page 201 and 202: Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
Page 203 and 204: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
Page 205 and 206: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
Page 207 and 208: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
Page 209 and 210: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
Page 211 and 212: Analytical solution for the saturat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
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95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
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Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
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Specific discharge to the river fro
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
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Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
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Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
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6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
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Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
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(a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
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(a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
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Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
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(a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the u
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7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
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95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
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(a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
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(a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
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(a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
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Number of samples greater than dete
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The only
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS source f
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The Envi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grou
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS value of
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Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Standard
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS these fa
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GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
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GROUNDWATER FLUX solution then the
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GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
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HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
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Residential roof run-off *1 General
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GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
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Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
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(a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
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GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
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Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
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GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
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Maximum concentration in the plume
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GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
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Estimate of mass flux from the plum
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GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
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GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
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CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
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CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
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CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
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CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
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CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
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CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
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REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
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REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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