The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS - Licensed discharge and abstraction information from the Agency for the Tame and the Birmingham Aquifer (Appendix 5). - Geological logs, hydraulic conductivity estimates and sieve analyses from 20 shallow piezometers drilled on the banks of the Tame for flood defence investigations (Appendix 6). Birmingham University School of Earth Sciences - Historical data on inorganic groundwater quality, (Jackson, 1981, Ford, 1990, Hues, 1998). - Historical data on organic groundwater quality, (Rivett, 1989, Brennan 1999, Taylor, 1998). - Surface water quality sampling profiles along the Tame, (Hogan,1999) British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC) - Historical rainfall data from > 10 weather stations in the Tame catchment. Severn Trent Water Company - Geological logs from ~ 70 boreholes drilled as part of the Black Country Trunk Sewer Extension (BCTSE) site investigation along the Tame valley (Appendix 7). - Dipping records (1993 –2000) from piezometers installed for the BCTSE (Appendix 8). 66
MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The fieldwork programme was designed to provide more detailed information on the groundwater/surface water quality and flow interactions at a finer scale along the study reach and across the groundwater/surface water interface. 4.3 Surface water flow gauging. In addition to the archive data from the gauging stations at Bescot, Water Orton and Calthorpe, flow measurements were also undertaken on the study reach between the stations (Figure 4.1). This was to define better the discharge accretion along the study reach and to examine the relationship with the underlying geology (Appendix 9). 4.3.1 River discharge measurements Discharge measurements collected during periods of dry weather flow from a series of cross sectional profiles at intervals of several kilometres along the river were designed to assess discharge accretion along the study reach. Sites were selected to enable easy access to the river in areas with a relatively uniform channel profile and minimal turbulence. The measurements were taken within the space of a single day to minimise variations due to baseflow recession. The method was time consuming and labour intensive with a significant travel time between sites. This limited data collection to an average of four sites in one day per team (two people). Flow meters of both propeller and electromagnetic type were borrowed from the School of Civil Engineering . After initial trials the propeller type ‘Ott’ meter was found of limited use owing to the presence of weed within the channel. An electromagnetic meter was used to collect the majority of readings. The meter was calibrated by technicians using the School of Civil Engineering’s flume tank. 67
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THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
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ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
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5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
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6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
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6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
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APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
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1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
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4) to develop suitable monitoring m
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INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
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REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
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REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
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REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
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Abstraction For drinking water supp
Page 35 and 36: REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
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Page 41 and 42: REVIEW owing to their widespread de
Page 43 and 44: REVIEW have been used to determine
Page 45 and 46: REVIEW and under conditions of non-
Page 47 and 48: (b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
Page 49 and 50: STUDY SETTING But under the General
Page 51 and 52: (a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
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Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.1 Description of geological
Page 59 and 60: Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
Page 61 and 62: STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
Page 63 and 64: STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
Page 65 and 66: (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
Page 67 and 68: STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
Page 69 and 70: Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
Page 71 and 72: STUDY SETTING water quality through
Page 73 and 74: STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
Page 75 and 76: STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
Page 77 and 78: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
Page 79 and 80: 2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
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Page 83 and 84: Water quality data were collected i
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Page 105 and 106: 4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
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Page 121 and 122: 4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
Page 123 and 124: q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
Page 125 and 126: Determinands Method of analyses Ana
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Page 129 and 130: 5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
Page 131 and 132: Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
Page 133 and 134: 4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
Page 135 and 136: 5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
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GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
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Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
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5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
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Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
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Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
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Location Specific Discharge (md -1
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5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
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Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
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5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
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CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
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6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
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39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
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Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
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11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
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Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
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Analytical solution for the saturat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
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95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
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Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
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Specific discharge to the river fro
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
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Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
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Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
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6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
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Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
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(a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
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(a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
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Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
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(a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the u
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7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
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95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
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(a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
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(a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
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(a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
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Number of samples greater than dete
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The only
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS source f
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The Envi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grou
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS value of
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Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Standard
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS these fa
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GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
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GROUNDWATER FLUX solution then the
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GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
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HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
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Residential roof run-off *1 General
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GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
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Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
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(a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
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GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
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Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
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GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
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Maximum concentration in the plume
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GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
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Estimate of mass flux from the plum
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GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
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GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
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CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
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CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
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CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
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CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
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CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
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CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
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REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
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REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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